Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women
Background: Despite perennial sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysians especially pregnant women. This study determines the vitamin D status and its associated factors among third trimester pregnant women attending government health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2019
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/1/Vitamin%20D%20deficiency%20.pdf |
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| author | Woon, Fui Chee Chin, Yit Siew Ismail, Intan Hakimah Batterham, Marijka Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah Gan, Wan Ying Appannah, Geeta Mohammed Hussien, Siti Huzaifah Edi, Muliana Tan, Meng Lee Chan, Yoke Mun |
| author_facet | Woon, Fui Chee Chin, Yit Siew Ismail, Intan Hakimah Batterham, Marijka Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah Gan, Wan Ying Appannah, Geeta Mohammed Hussien, Siti Huzaifah Edi, Muliana Tan, Meng Lee Chan, Yoke Mun |
| author_sort | Woon, Fui Chee |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Despite perennial sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysians especially pregnant women. This study determines the vitamin D status and its associated factors among third trimester pregnant women attending government health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Information on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical history, and sun exposure were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Vitamin D intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured and classified as deficient (< 30 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L), and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L). Results: Of the 535 pregnant women recruited, 42.6% were vitamin D deficient. They consumed an average of 8.7 ± 6.7 μg of vitamin D daily. A total of 80.4% of the vitamin D were obtained from the food sources, while 19.6% were from dietary supplements. Fish and fish products showed the highest contribution to vitamin D intake (35.8%). The multivariable generalized linear mixed models, with clinic as a random effect, indicates that higher intake of vitamin D is associated with lower odds of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93-0.99). The odds of having vitamin D deficiency was reduced by 87% in non-Malays (OR = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.05-0.41) compared to Malays. No associations were found between age, educational level, monthly household income, work status, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, total hours of sun exposure, total percentage of body surface area, and sun exposure index per day with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysian pregnant women. Considering the possible adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, future nutrition education should emphasise on vitamin D-fortified foods consumption among pregnant women by taking into consideration ethnic differences. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:27:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-82730 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:27:46Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-827302021-06-02T09:20:44Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/ Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women Woon, Fui Chee Chin, Yit Siew Ismail, Intan Hakimah Batterham, Marijka Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah Gan, Wan Ying Appannah, Geeta Mohammed Hussien, Siti Huzaifah Edi, Muliana Tan, Meng Lee Chan, Yoke Mun Background: Despite perennial sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysians especially pregnant women. This study determines the vitamin D status and its associated factors among third trimester pregnant women attending government health clinics in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Methods: Information on socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical history, and sun exposure were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Vitamin D intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was measured and classified as deficient (< 30 nmol/L), insufficient (30-50 nmol/L), and sufficient (≥ 50 nmol/L). Results: Of the 535 pregnant women recruited, 42.6% were vitamin D deficient. They consumed an average of 8.7 ± 6.7 μg of vitamin D daily. A total of 80.4% of the vitamin D were obtained from the food sources, while 19.6% were from dietary supplements. Fish and fish products showed the highest contribution to vitamin D intake (35.8%). The multivariable generalized linear mixed models, with clinic as a random effect, indicates that higher intake of vitamin D is associated with lower odds of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93-0.99). The odds of having vitamin D deficiency was reduced by 87% in non-Malays (OR = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.05-0.41) compared to Malays. No associations were found between age, educational level, monthly household income, work status, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, total hours of sun exposure, total percentage of body surface area, and sun exposure index per day with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among Malaysian pregnant women. Considering the possible adverse obstetric and fetal outcomes of vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, future nutrition education should emphasise on vitamin D-fortified foods consumption among pregnant women by taking into consideration ethnic differences. Public Library of Science 2019 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/1/Vitamin%20D%20deficiency%20.pdf Woon, Fui Chee and Chin, Yit Siew and Ismail, Intan Hakimah and Batterham, Marijka and Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah and Gan, Wan Ying and Appannah, Geeta and Mohammed Hussien, Siti Huzaifah and Edi, Muliana and Tan, Meng Lee and Chan, Yoke Mun (2019) Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women. PLoS One, 14 (6). pp. 1-24. ISSN 1932-6203 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31233513/ 10.1371/journal.pone.0216439 |
| spellingShingle | Woon, Fui Chee Chin, Yit Siew Ismail, Intan Hakimah Batterham, Marijka Abdul Latiff, Amir Hamzah Gan, Wan Ying Appannah, Geeta Mohammed Hussien, Siti Huzaifah Edi, Muliana Tan, Meng Lee Chan, Yoke Mun Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title | Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title_full | Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title_fullStr | Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title_full_unstemmed | Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title_short | Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester Malaysian pregnant women |
| title_sort | vitamin d deficiency during pregnancy and its associated factors among third trimester malaysian pregnant women |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82730/1/Vitamin%20D%20deficiency%20.pdf |