Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study
Hepatitis C infection is a global public health problem. This study was designed to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia. A matched, hospital-based, case–control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Cases were adult (age...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science
2019
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/1/Risk%20factors%20for%20hepatitis%20C%20infection%20among%20adult%20patients%20in%20Kedah%20state%2C%20Malaysia%20a%20case-control%20study.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848859221935783936 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri Md Said, Salmiah Poh, Ying Lim Azman, Ahmad Zaid Fattah |
| author_facet | Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri Md Said, Salmiah Poh, Ying Lim Azman, Ahmad Zaid Fattah |
| author_sort | Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Hepatitis C infection is a global public health problem. This study was designed to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia. A matched, hospital-based, case–control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Cases were adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients with positive serology test results for hepatitis C virus antibody and detectable hepatitis C virus RNA from January 2015 to December 2018, and controls were age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched patients who were not infected with hepatitis C virus. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics and previous exposure to selected risk factors among the study participants. Associations between hepatitis C and demographic and risk factors were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 255 case–control patient pairs were enrolled. The multivariable analysis indicated that having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.73–13.81), injection drug use (AOR = 6.60, 95% CI: 3.66–12.43), imprisonment (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.62–16.40), tattooing (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.37–12.00), having more than one sexual partner (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.16–3.69), piercing (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04–2.80), and having only secondary education (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.06–3.57) were independently associated with hepatitis C. No associations were found between health care occupation, needle-prick injury, surgical procedures, haemodialysis, acupuncture, cupping, or contact sports and hepatitis C infection. These findings demonstrate that hepatitis C risk is multifactorial. Having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992, injection drug use, imprisonment, tattooing, having more than one sexual partner, piercing, and having only secondary education were associated with increased odds of hepatitis C. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:25:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-82029 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T12:25:54Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-820292020-09-03T07:50:58Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/ Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri Md Said, Salmiah Poh, Ying Lim Azman, Ahmad Zaid Fattah Hepatitis C infection is a global public health problem. This study was designed to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia. A matched, hospital-based, case–control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Cases were adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients with positive serology test results for hepatitis C virus antibody and detectable hepatitis C virus RNA from January 2015 to December 2018, and controls were age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched patients who were not infected with hepatitis C virus. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics and previous exposure to selected risk factors among the study participants. Associations between hepatitis C and demographic and risk factors were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 255 case–control patient pairs were enrolled. The multivariable analysis indicated that having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.73–13.81), injection drug use (AOR = 6.60, 95% CI: 3.66–12.43), imprisonment (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.62–16.40), tattooing (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.37–12.00), having more than one sexual partner (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.16–3.69), piercing (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04–2.80), and having only secondary education (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.06–3.57) were independently associated with hepatitis C. No associations were found between health care occupation, needle-prick injury, surgical procedures, haemodialysis, acupuncture, cupping, or contact sports and hepatitis C infection. These findings demonstrate that hepatitis C risk is multifactorial. Having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992, injection drug use, imprisonment, tattooing, having more than one sexual partner, piercing, and having only secondary education were associated with increased odds of hepatitis C. Public Library of Science 2019-10 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/1/Risk%20factors%20for%20hepatitis%20C%20infection%20among%20adult%20patients%20in%20Kedah%20state%2C%20Malaysia%20a%20case-control%20study.pdf Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri and Md Said, Salmiah and Poh, Ying Lim and Azman, Ahmad Zaid Fattah (2019) Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study. PLoS One, 14 (10). art. no. e0224459. pp. 1-13. ISSN 1932-6203 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0224459&type=printable 10.1371/journal.pone.0224459 |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Suan, Mohd Azri Md Said, Salmiah Poh, Ying Lim Azman, Ahmad Zaid Fattah Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title | Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title_full | Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title_fullStr | Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title_short | Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: a case-control study |
| title_sort | risk factors for hepatitis c infection among adult patients in kedah state, malaysia: a case-control study |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/82029/1/Risk%20factors%20for%20hepatitis%20C%20infection%20among%20adult%20patients%20in%20Kedah%20state%2C%20Malaysia%20a%20case-control%20study.pdf |