Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres
The current extraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from wood has created competition with wood industries. Interest in alternative sources is critical to ensure the sustainable production of CMC. Therefore, the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres was evaluated...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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North Carolina State University
2018
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/1/Synthesis%20and%20characterization%20of%20carboxymethyl%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunch%20stalk%20fibres.pdf |
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| author | Muhamad Parid, Dzieda Abd Rahman, Nur Aliaa Samsu Baharuddin, Azhari P. Mohammed, Mohd Afandi Mat Johari, Amiruddin Abdul Razak, Siti Zubaidah |
| author_facet | Muhamad Parid, Dzieda Abd Rahman, Nur Aliaa Samsu Baharuddin, Azhari P. Mohammed, Mohd Afandi Mat Johari, Amiruddin Abdul Razak, Siti Zubaidah |
| author_sort | Muhamad Parid, Dzieda |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The current extraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from wood has created competition with wood industries. Interest in alternative sources is critical to ensure the sustainable production of CMC. Therefore, the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres was evaluated. CMC extracted from OPEFB stalk fibres was characterized for chemical composition as well as by spectroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and rheological tests. Highest cellulose content was obtained from raw stalk fibres with the least amount of lignin and residual oil as compared to the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and spikelet. The XRD analysis revealed that the native cellulose was transformed into an amorphous phase, as evidenced from the characteristic peaks that had almost disappeared. Likewise, the FTIR analysis showed that major peaks in the lignin and hemicellulose were absent, which enabled the cellulose to be converted to CMC. Microscopy analysis showed notable changes in the fibres’ morphology throughout the extraction process. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physicochemical studies, and rheological tests on extracted CMC showed that there was a significant difference between each phase of the extraction process and this showed that OPEFB stalk fibre was feasible to produce CMC that was comparable to those of commercial CMC. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:57:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-74047 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:57:18Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | North Carolina State University |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-740472020-04-28T03:11:55Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/ Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres Muhamad Parid, Dzieda Abd Rahman, Nur Aliaa Samsu Baharuddin, Azhari P. Mohammed, Mohd Afandi Mat Johari, Amiruddin Abdul Razak, Siti Zubaidah The current extraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from wood has created competition with wood industries. Interest in alternative sources is critical to ensure the sustainable production of CMC. Therefore, the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres was evaluated. CMC extracted from OPEFB stalk fibres was characterized for chemical composition as well as by spectroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and rheological tests. Highest cellulose content was obtained from raw stalk fibres with the least amount of lignin and residual oil as compared to the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and spikelet. The XRD analysis revealed that the native cellulose was transformed into an amorphous phase, as evidenced from the characteristic peaks that had almost disappeared. Likewise, the FTIR analysis showed that major peaks in the lignin and hemicellulose were absent, which enabled the cellulose to be converted to CMC. Microscopy analysis showed notable changes in the fibres’ morphology throughout the extraction process. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physicochemical studies, and rheological tests on extracted CMC showed that there was a significant difference between each phase of the extraction process and this showed that OPEFB stalk fibre was feasible to produce CMC that was comparable to those of commercial CMC. North Carolina State University 2018 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/1/Synthesis%20and%20characterization%20of%20carboxymethyl%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunch%20stalk%20fibres.pdf Muhamad Parid, Dzieda and Abd Rahman, Nur Aliaa and Samsu Baharuddin, Azhari and P. Mohammed, Mohd Afandi and Mat Johari, Amiruddin and Abdul Razak, Siti Zubaidah (2018) Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres. BioResources, 13 (1). 535 - 554. ISSN ESSN: 1930-2126 https://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_13_1_535_Muhamad_Carboxymethyl_Cellulose_Stalk_Fibers |
| spellingShingle | Muhamad Parid, Dzieda Abd Rahman, Nur Aliaa Samsu Baharuddin, Azhari P. Mohammed, Mohd Afandi Mat Johari, Amiruddin Abdul Razak, Siti Zubaidah Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title | Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title_full | Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title_short | Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| title_sort | synthesis and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch stalk fibres |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/74047/1/Synthesis%20and%20characterization%20of%20carboxymethyl%20cellulose%20from%20oil%20palm%20empty%20fruit%20bunch%20stalk%20fibres.pdf |