Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air
In the present study, agricultural biomass—palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS)—was used to produce high porosity bioadsorbent using two-stage continuous physical activation method with different gas carrier (air and N2) in each stage. The activation temperature was set constant at 600, 70...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
The Royal Society Publishing
2018
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/1/Production%20of%20bioadsorbent%20from%20phosphoric%20acid%20pretreated%20palm%20kernel%20shell%20and%20coconut%20shell%20by%20two-stage%20continuous%20physical%20activation%20via%20N%E2%82%82%20and%20air.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848857326204747776 |
|---|---|
| author | Lee, Chuan Li H'ng, Paik San Md Tahir, Paridah Chin, Kit Ling Rashid, Umer Maminski, Mariusz Go, Wen Ze Raja Nazrin, Raja Ahmad Rosli, Siti Nurul Asyikin Khoo, Pui San |
| author_facet | Lee, Chuan Li H'ng, Paik San Md Tahir, Paridah Chin, Kit Ling Rashid, Umer Maminski, Mariusz Go, Wen Ze Raja Nazrin, Raja Ahmad Rosli, Siti Nurul Asyikin Khoo, Pui San |
| author_sort | Lee, Chuan Li |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | In the present study, agricultural biomass—palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS)—was used to produce high porosity bioadsorbent using two-stage continuous physical activation method with different gas carrier (air and N2) in each stage. The activation temperature was set constant at 600, 700, 800 or 900°C for both activation stages with the heating rate of 3°C min−1. Two parameters, the gas carrier and activation temperature, were determined as the significant factors on the adsorption properties of bioadsorbent. BET, SEM, FTIR, TGA, CHNS/O and ash content were used to elucidate the developed bioadsorbent prepared from PKS and CS and its capacity towards the adsorption of methylene blue and iodine. The novel process of two-stage continuous physical activation method was able to expose mesopores and micropores that were previously covered/clogged in nature, and simultaneously create new pores. The synthesized bioadsorbents showed that the surface area (PKS: 456.47 m2 g−1, CS: 479.17 m2 g−1), pore size (PKS: 0.63 nm, CS: 0.62 nm) and pore volume (PKS: 0.13 cm3 g−1, CS: 0.15 cm3 g−1) were significantly higher than that of non-treated bioadsorbent. The surface morphology of the raw materials and synthesized bioadsorbent were accessed by SEM. Furthermore, the novel process meets the recent industrial adsorbent requirements such as low activation temperature, high fixed carbon content, high yield, high adsorption properties and high surface area, which are the key factors for large-scale production of bioadsorbent and its usage. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:55:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-73648 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:55:46Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | The Royal Society Publishing |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-736482020-05-10T16:52:39Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/ Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air Lee, Chuan Li H'ng, Paik San Md Tahir, Paridah Chin, Kit Ling Rashid, Umer Maminski, Mariusz Go, Wen Ze Raja Nazrin, Raja Ahmad Rosli, Siti Nurul Asyikin Khoo, Pui San In the present study, agricultural biomass—palm kernel shell (PKS) and coconut shell (CS)—was used to produce high porosity bioadsorbent using two-stage continuous physical activation method with different gas carrier (air and N2) in each stage. The activation temperature was set constant at 600, 700, 800 or 900°C for both activation stages with the heating rate of 3°C min−1. Two parameters, the gas carrier and activation temperature, were determined as the significant factors on the adsorption properties of bioadsorbent. BET, SEM, FTIR, TGA, CHNS/O and ash content were used to elucidate the developed bioadsorbent prepared from PKS and CS and its capacity towards the adsorption of methylene blue and iodine. The novel process of two-stage continuous physical activation method was able to expose mesopores and micropores that were previously covered/clogged in nature, and simultaneously create new pores. The synthesized bioadsorbents showed that the surface area (PKS: 456.47 m2 g−1, CS: 479.17 m2 g−1), pore size (PKS: 0.63 nm, CS: 0.62 nm) and pore volume (PKS: 0.13 cm3 g−1, CS: 0.15 cm3 g−1) were significantly higher than that of non-treated bioadsorbent. The surface morphology of the raw materials and synthesized bioadsorbent were accessed by SEM. Furthermore, the novel process meets the recent industrial adsorbent requirements such as low activation temperature, high fixed carbon content, high yield, high adsorption properties and high surface area, which are the key factors for large-scale production of bioadsorbent and its usage. The Royal Society Publishing 2018 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/1/Production%20of%20bioadsorbent%20from%20phosphoric%20acid%20pretreated%20palm%20kernel%20shell%20and%20coconut%20shell%20by%20two-stage%20continuous%20physical%20activation%20via%20N%E2%82%82%20and%20air.pdf Lee, Chuan Li and H'ng, Paik San and Md Tahir, Paridah and Chin, Kit Ling and Rashid, Umer and Maminski, Mariusz and Go, Wen Ze and Raja Nazrin, Raja Ahmad and Rosli, Siti Nurul Asyikin and Khoo, Pui San (2018) Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air. Royal Society Open Science, 5. pp. 1-19. ISSN ESSN: 2054-5703 https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.180775 10.1098/rsos.180775 |
| spellingShingle | Lee, Chuan Li H'ng, Paik San Md Tahir, Paridah Chin, Kit Ling Rashid, Umer Maminski, Mariusz Go, Wen Ze Raja Nazrin, Raja Ahmad Rosli, Siti Nurul Asyikin Khoo, Pui San Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title | Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title_full | Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title_fullStr | Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title_short | Production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via N₂ and air |
| title_sort | production of bioadsorbent from phosphoric acid pretreated palm kernel shell and coconut shell by two-stage continuous physical activation via n₂ and air |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/73648/1/Production%20of%20bioadsorbent%20from%20phosphoric%20acid%20pretreated%20palm%20kernel%20shell%20and%20coconut%20shell%20by%20two-stage%20continuous%20physical%20activation%20via%20N%E2%82%82%20and%20air.pdf |