Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period
Twenty male Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four levels of lovastatin supplementation and used to determine the optimal dosage and sustainability of naturally produced lovastatin from fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) with Aspergillus terreus on enteric methane (CH4) mitigation. The effe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science
2018
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/1/Effects%20of%20naturally-produced%20lovastatin%20on.pdf |
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| author | Su Chui Len, Candyrine Mahadzir, Mazrul Fahmi Buba, Sani Dahiru Jahromi, Mohammad Faseleh Ebrahimi, Mahdi Goh, Yong Meng Samsudin, Anjas Asmara @ Ab Hadi Sazili, Awis Qurni Chen, Wei Li Ganesh, Siva Ronimus, Ron Muetzel, Stefan Liang, Juan Boo |
| author_facet | Su Chui Len, Candyrine Mahadzir, Mazrul Fahmi Buba, Sani Dahiru Jahromi, Mohammad Faseleh Ebrahimi, Mahdi Goh, Yong Meng Samsudin, Anjas Asmara @ Ab Hadi Sazili, Awis Qurni Chen, Wei Li Ganesh, Siva Ronimus, Ron Muetzel, Stefan Liang, Juan Boo |
| author_sort | Su Chui Len, Candyrine |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Twenty male Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four levels of lovastatin supplementation and used to determine the optimal dosage and sustainability of naturally produced lovastatin from fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) with Aspergillus terreus on enteric methane (CH4) mitigation. The effects on ruminal microbiota, rumen fermentation, feed digestibility and health of animal were determined over three measuring periods (4-, 8- and 12-weeks) and the accumulation of lovastatin in tissues was determined at the end of the experiment. The diets contained 50% rice straw, 22.8% concentrates and 27.2% of various proportions of untreated or treated PKC to achieve the target daily intake level of 0 (Control), 2, 4 or 6 mg lovastatin/kg body weight (BW). Enteric CH4 emissions per dry matter intake (DMI), decreased significantly (P<0.05) and equivalent to 11% and 20.4%, respectively, for the 2 and 4 mg/kg BW groups as compared to the Control. No further decrease in CH4 emission thereafter with higher lovastatin supplementation. Lovastatin had no effect on feed digestibility and minor effect on rumen microbiota, and specifically did not reduce the populations of total methanogens and Methanobacteriales (responsible for CH4 production). Similarly, lovastatin had little effect on rumen fermentation characteristics except that the proportion of propionate increased, which led to a decreasing trend (P<0.08) in acetic: propionate ratio with increasing dosage of lovastatin. This suggests a shift in rumen fermentation pathway to favor propionate production which serves as H+ sink, partly explaining the observed CH4 reduction. No adverse physiological effects were noted in the animals except that treated PKC (containing lovastatin) was less palatable at the highest inclusion level. Lovastatin residues were detected in tissues of goats fed 6 mg lovastatin/kg BW at between 0.01 to 0.03 μg/g, which are very low. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:52:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-72505 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:52:43Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-725052020-11-02T03:06:30Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/ Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period Su Chui Len, Candyrine Mahadzir, Mazrul Fahmi Buba, Sani Dahiru Jahromi, Mohammad Faseleh Ebrahimi, Mahdi Goh, Yong Meng Samsudin, Anjas Asmara @ Ab Hadi Sazili, Awis Qurni Chen, Wei Li Ganesh, Siva Ronimus, Ron Muetzel, Stefan Liang, Juan Boo Twenty male Saanen goats were randomly assigned to four levels of lovastatin supplementation and used to determine the optimal dosage and sustainability of naturally produced lovastatin from fermentation of palm kernel cake (PKC) with Aspergillus terreus on enteric methane (CH4) mitigation. The effects on ruminal microbiota, rumen fermentation, feed digestibility and health of animal were determined over three measuring periods (4-, 8- and 12-weeks) and the accumulation of lovastatin in tissues was determined at the end of the experiment. The diets contained 50% rice straw, 22.8% concentrates and 27.2% of various proportions of untreated or treated PKC to achieve the target daily intake level of 0 (Control), 2, 4 or 6 mg lovastatin/kg body weight (BW). Enteric CH4 emissions per dry matter intake (DMI), decreased significantly (P<0.05) and equivalent to 11% and 20.4%, respectively, for the 2 and 4 mg/kg BW groups as compared to the Control. No further decrease in CH4 emission thereafter with higher lovastatin supplementation. Lovastatin had no effect on feed digestibility and minor effect on rumen microbiota, and specifically did not reduce the populations of total methanogens and Methanobacteriales (responsible for CH4 production). Similarly, lovastatin had little effect on rumen fermentation characteristics except that the proportion of propionate increased, which led to a decreasing trend (P<0.08) in acetic: propionate ratio with increasing dosage of lovastatin. This suggests a shift in rumen fermentation pathway to favor propionate production which serves as H+ sink, partly explaining the observed CH4 reduction. No adverse physiological effects were noted in the animals except that treated PKC (containing lovastatin) was less palatable at the highest inclusion level. Lovastatin residues were detected in tissues of goats fed 6 mg lovastatin/kg BW at between 0.01 to 0.03 μg/g, which are very low. Public Library of Science 2018-07 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/1/Effects%20of%20naturally-produced%20lovastatin%20on.pdf Su Chui Len, Candyrine and Mahadzir, Mazrul Fahmi and Buba, Sani Dahiru and Jahromi, Mohammad Faseleh and Ebrahimi, Mahdi and Goh, Yong Meng and Samsudin, Anjas Asmara @ Ab Hadi and Sazili, Awis Qurni and Chen, Wei Li and Ganesh, Siva and Ronimus, Ron and Muetzel, Stefan and Liang, Juan Boo (2018) Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period. PLoS ONE, 13 (7). pp. 1-19. ISSN 1932-6203 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0199840 10.1371/journal.pone.0199840 |
| spellingShingle | Su Chui Len, Candyrine Mahadzir, Mazrul Fahmi Buba, Sani Dahiru Jahromi, Mohammad Faseleh Ebrahimi, Mahdi Goh, Yong Meng Samsudin, Anjas Asmara @ Ab Hadi Sazili, Awis Qurni Chen, Wei Li Ganesh, Siva Ronimus, Ron Muetzel, Stefan Liang, Juan Boo Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title | Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title_full | Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title_fullStr | Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title_short | Effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| title_sort | effects of naturally-produced lovastatin on feed digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbiota and methane emissions in goats over a 12-week treatment period |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/72505/1/Effects%20of%20naturally-produced%20lovastatin%20on.pdf |