Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines
Introduction: Electronic Cigarette (EC) usage has been gaining acceptance in Malaysia despite its lack of analytical evidence on the chemical constituents of its liquid formulations. This study aims to evaluate the chemical concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and selected Tobacco-Speci...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
2018
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/1/2018120409020113_MJMHS_SP_Nov_2018.pdf |
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| author | Zulkifli, Aziemah Zainal Abidin, Emilia Zainol Abidin, Najihah Mohd Ghazali, Hasanah Praveena, Sarva Mangala Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Karuppiah, Karmegam Abdul Rahman, Anita Musbah, Zuraidah Zulkipli, Nur Fadhilah |
| author_facet | Zulkifli, Aziemah Zainal Abidin, Emilia Zainol Abidin, Najihah Mohd Ghazali, Hasanah Praveena, Sarva Mangala Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Karuppiah, Karmegam Abdul Rahman, Anita Musbah, Zuraidah Zulkipli, Nur Fadhilah |
| author_sort | Zulkifli, Aziemah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Introduction: Electronic Cigarette (EC) usage has been gaining acceptance in Malaysia despite its lack of analytical evidence on the chemical constituents of its liquid formulations. This study aims to evaluate the chemical concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and selected Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs); 4-(methylnitrosa-mino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in e-liquids locally sourced from the Malaysian market. Methods: A total of 17 e-liquids from a variety of flavours and brands were purchased from local EC retailers in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Nicotine and PG concentrations were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) while NNK and NNN were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of nicotine and PG (mg/mL) were described in comparison with the levels indicated on the labels when present while levels of TSNAs were descriptively explained. Results: Nicotine was detected in all e-liquid samples, despite several samples being declared as nicotine-free. The average (standard deviation) level of nicotine, PG, NNN and NNK were 3.26 (1.04) mg/mL, 484.10 (98.24) mg/mL, 0.383(0.288) μg/L and 0.086 (0.057) μg/L, respectively. Labelling discrepancies (when indicated on the label) of nicotine and PG were between the range of 27%-73% and 3%-63%, respectively. Conclusion: The concentrations of nicotine and PG in local e-liquids were varied. There were evidences of labelling discrepancy in that local e-liquids. TSNAs were detected in all samples of e-liquids. This study brought forth strong evidence on the need for the implementation of regulation on e-liquid manufacturing and sales, particularly on the accuracy of labelling and licensing to protect the public health. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:26:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-66164 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:26:35Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-661642019-02-11T03:58:03Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/ Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines Zulkifli, Aziemah Zainal Abidin, Emilia Zainol Abidin, Najihah Mohd Ghazali, Hasanah Praveena, Sarva Mangala Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Karuppiah, Karmegam Abdul Rahman, Anita Musbah, Zuraidah Zulkipli, Nur Fadhilah Introduction: Electronic Cigarette (EC) usage has been gaining acceptance in Malaysia despite its lack of analytical evidence on the chemical constituents of its liquid formulations. This study aims to evaluate the chemical concentrations of nicotine, propylene glycol (PG) and selected Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (TSNAs); 4-(methylnitrosa-mino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N’-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) in e-liquids locally sourced from the Malaysian market. Methods: A total of 17 e-liquids from a variety of flavours and brands were purchased from local EC retailers in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Nicotine and PG concentrations were assessed using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) while NNK and NNN were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The concentrations of nicotine and PG (mg/mL) were described in comparison with the levels indicated on the labels when present while levels of TSNAs were descriptively explained. Results: Nicotine was detected in all e-liquid samples, despite several samples being declared as nicotine-free. The average (standard deviation) level of nicotine, PG, NNN and NNK were 3.26 (1.04) mg/mL, 484.10 (98.24) mg/mL, 0.383(0.288) μg/L and 0.086 (0.057) μg/L, respectively. Labelling discrepancies (when indicated on the label) of nicotine and PG were between the range of 27%-73% and 3%-63%, respectively. Conclusion: The concentrations of nicotine and PG in local e-liquids were varied. There were evidences of labelling discrepancy in that local e-liquids. TSNAs were detected in all samples of e-liquids. This study brought forth strong evidence on the need for the implementation of regulation on e-liquid manufacturing and sales, particularly on the accuracy of labelling and licensing to protect the public health. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 2018 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/1/2018120409020113_MJMHS_SP_Nov_2018.pdf Zulkifli, Aziemah and Zainal Abidin, Emilia and Zainol Abidin, Najihah and Mohd Ghazali, Hasanah and Praveena, Sarva Mangala and Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq and Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah and Rasdi, Irniza and Karuppiah, Karmegam and Abdul Rahman, Anita and Musbah, Zuraidah and Zulkipli, Nur Fadhilah (2018) Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 14 (SP2). pp. 95-103. ISSN 1675-8544; ESSN: 2636-9346 http://www.medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2018120409020113_MJMHS_SP_Nov_2018.pdf |
| spellingShingle | Zulkifli, Aziemah Zainal Abidin, Emilia Zainol Abidin, Najihah Mohd Ghazali, Hasanah Praveena, Sarva Mangala Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah Rasdi, Irniza Karuppiah, Karmegam Abdul Rahman, Anita Musbah, Zuraidah Zulkipli, Nur Fadhilah Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title | Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title_full | Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title_fullStr | Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title_short | Nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in Malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| title_sort | nicotine, propylene glycol and tobacco-specific nitrosamines content in selected e-liquids in malaysia: the case support for initiation of standards or guidelines |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/66164/1/2018120409020113_MJMHS_SP_Nov_2018.pdf |