Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user
This study aims to determine concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening cream according to different price categories (category I: <RM29.99, category II: RM30.00-RM59.99, category III: RM60.00-RM99.99 and category IV: ≥RM100.00) and their potential health risks to users. Prices of skin l...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Academic Press
2017
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/1/Mercury%20contamination%20in%20facial%20skin%20lightening%20creams%20and%20its%20health%20risks%20to%20user.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848854619985281024 |
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| author | Ho, Yu Bin Abdullah, Nor Hidayu Hamsan, Hazwanee Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing |
| author_facet | Ho, Yu Bin Abdullah, Nor Hidayu Hamsan, Hazwanee Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing |
| author_sort | Ho, Yu Bin |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study aims to determine concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening cream according to different price categories (category I: <RM29.99, category II: RM30.00-RM59.99, category III: RM60.00-RM99.99 and category IV: ≥RM100.00) and their potential health risks to users. Prices of skin lightening creams were determined during a preliminary market survey. Thereafter, twenty samples were purchased from various locations such as cosmetic stalls, beauty shops, pharmacies and street vendors based on their stratified price categories. Samples were extracted using microwave digester and analyzed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Non-carcinogenic chronic health risks for application of facial skin lightening cream were calculated using Dermal Absorption Dose (DAD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). Concentrations of mercury in samples were less than the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) permitted trace levels (<1 ppm) except for one sample from category III which was manufactured in China. Concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening creams ranged from not detected to 1.13 mg kg−1. There was no significant association between concentrations of mercury with price categories (p = 0.12). There was no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to daily application of the facial skin lightening creams based on assumption of 30 years exposure period (HQ < 1). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:12:45Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-62393 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:12:45Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Academic Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-623932020-01-10T01:40:22Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/ Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user Ho, Yu Bin Abdullah, Nor Hidayu Hamsan, Hazwanee Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing This study aims to determine concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening cream according to different price categories (category I: <RM29.99, category II: RM30.00-RM59.99, category III: RM60.00-RM99.99 and category IV: ≥RM100.00) and their potential health risks to users. Prices of skin lightening creams were determined during a preliminary market survey. Thereafter, twenty samples were purchased from various locations such as cosmetic stalls, beauty shops, pharmacies and street vendors based on their stratified price categories. Samples were extracted using microwave digester and analyzed using cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Non-carcinogenic chronic health risks for application of facial skin lightening cream were calculated using Dermal Absorption Dose (DAD) and Hazard Quotient (HQ). Concentrations of mercury in samples were less than the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) permitted trace levels (<1 ppm) except for one sample from category III which was manufactured in China. Concentrations of mercury in facial skin lightening creams ranged from not detected to 1.13 mg kg−1. There was no significant association between concentrations of mercury with price categories (p = 0.12). There was no significant non-carcinogenic health risk due to daily application of the facial skin lightening creams based on assumption of 30 years exposure period (HQ < 1). Academic Press 2017-08 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/1/Mercury%20contamination%20in%20facial%20skin%20lightening%20creams%20and%20its%20health%20risks%20to%20user.pdf Ho, Yu Bin and Abdullah, Nor Hidayu and Hamsan, Hazwanee and Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing (2017) Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 88. pp. 72-76. ISSN 0273-2300; ESSN: 1096-0295 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230017301472?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.018 |
| spellingShingle | Ho, Yu Bin Abdullah, Nor Hidayu Hamsan, Hazwanee Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title | Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title_full | Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title_fullStr | Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title_short | Mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| title_sort | mercury contamination in facial skin lightening creams and its health risks to user |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/62393/1/Mercury%20contamination%20in%20facial%20skin%20lightening%20creams%20and%20its%20health%20risks%20to%20user.pdf |