Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst
In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4 catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spect...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2017
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/1/Esterification%20of%20high%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20supercritical%20methanol%20using%20sulfated%20angel%20wing%20shells%20as%20catalyst.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848854483375751168 |
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| author | Osman, Nur Syazwani Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Wahyudiono Kanda, Hideki Goto, Motonobu Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin |
| author_facet | Osman, Nur Syazwani Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Wahyudiono Kanda, Hideki Goto, Motonobu Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin |
| author_sort | Osman, Nur Syazwani |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4 catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3 (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface area analysis and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by supercritical methanol was successfully performed to obtain the high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield of 98% at the optimum methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, 290 °C in 15 min. The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3 and SEM. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:10:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-61758 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T11:10:35Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-617582019-01-23T02:56:43Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/ Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst Osman, Nur Syazwani Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Wahyudiono Kanda, Hideki Goto, Motonobu Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin In this research, shells of Cyrtopleura costata, commonly known as angel wing, were used to prepare sulfated calcined angel wing shell (CAWS) catalysts by a simple, low-cost method. The produced CAWS-SO4 catalyst was characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature programmed desorption of CO2 and NH3 (CO2-TPD and NH3-TPD), BET surface area analysis and variable pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM). The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) by supercritical methanol was successfully performed to obtain the high fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with yield of 98% at the optimum methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, 2 wt.% catalyst loading, 290 °C in 15 min. The catalyst could also be reused up to seven cycles with a FAME yield higher than 80% in the last cycle. The characterization of spent catalyst has been performed by using XRD, FTIR, TPD-NH3 and SEM. Elsevier 2017-06 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/1/Esterification%20of%20high%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20supercritical%20methanol%20using%20sulfated%20angel%20wing%20shells%20as%20catalyst.pdf Osman, Nur Syazwani and Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman and Wahyudiono and Kanda, Hideki and Goto, Motonobu and Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin (2017) Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 124. pp. 1-9. ISSN 0896-8446; ESSN: 1872-8162 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896844616303539 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.01.002 |
| spellingShingle | Osman, Nur Syazwani Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Wahyudiono Kanda, Hideki Goto, Motonobu Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title | Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title_full | Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title_short | Esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| title_sort | esterification of high free fatty acids in supercritical methanol using sulfated angel wing shells as catalyst |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/61758/1/Esterification%20of%20high%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20supercritical%20methanol%20using%20sulfated%20angel%20wing%20shells%20as%20catalyst.pdf |