Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
A rapid direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 100 µ BaF2 transmission cell was developed for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) and refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) palm olein, covering an analytical range of 3.0–6.5% and 0.07–0.6% FFA...
| _version_ | 1848853264436559872 |
|---|---|
| author | Che Man, Y. B. Moh, M. H. Van De Voort, F. R. |
| author_facet | Che Man, Y. B. Moh, M. H. Van De Voort, F. R. |
| author_sort | Che Man, Y. B. |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | A rapid direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 100 µ BaF2 transmission cell was developed for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) and refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) palm olein, covering an analytical range of 3.0–6.5% and 0.07–0.6% FFA, respectively. The samples were prepared by hydrolyzing oil with enzyme in an incubator. The optimal calibration models were constructed based on partial least squares (PLS) analysis using the FTIR carboxyl region (C=O) from 1722 to 1690 cm−1. The resulting PLS calibrations were linear over the range tested. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) obtained were 0.08% FFA for CPO with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992 and 0.01% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.994. The standard errors of performance (SEP) were 0.04% FFA for CPO with R2 of 0.998 and 0.006% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.998, respectively. In terms of reproducibility (r) and accuracy (a), both FTIR and chemical methods showed comparable results. Because of its simpler and more rapid analysis, which is less than 2 min per sample, as well as the minimum use of solvents and labor, FTIR has an advantage over the wet chemical method. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T10:51:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-57081 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T10:51:13Z |
| publishDate | 1999 |
| publisher | AOCS Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-570812024-07-26T03:02:52Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/ Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Che Man, Y. B. Moh, M. H. Van De Voort, F. R. A rapid direct Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method using a 100 µ BaF2 transmission cell was developed for the determination of free fatty acid (FFA) in crude palm oil (CPO) and refined-bleached-deodorized (RBD) palm olein, covering an analytical range of 3.0–6.5% and 0.07–0.6% FFA, respectively. The samples were prepared by hydrolyzing oil with enzyme in an incubator. The optimal calibration models were constructed based on partial least squares (PLS) analysis using the FTIR carboxyl region (C=O) from 1722 to 1690 cm−1. The resulting PLS calibrations were linear over the range tested. The standard errors of calibration (SEC) obtained were 0.08% FFA for CPO with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.992 and 0.01% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.994. The standard errors of performance (SEP) were 0.04% FFA for CPO with R2 of 0.998 and 0.006% FFA for RBD palm olein with R2 of 0.998, respectively. In terms of reproducibility (r) and accuracy (a), both FTIR and chemical methods showed comparable results. Because of its simpler and more rapid analysis, which is less than 2 min per sample, as well as the minimum use of solvents and labor, FTIR has an advantage over the wet chemical method. AOCS Press 1999 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/1/Determination%20of%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20crude%20palm%20oil%20and%20refined-bleached-deodorized%20palm%20olein%20using%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20spectroscopy.pdf text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/7/J%20Americ%20Oil%20Chem%20Soc%20-%201999%20-%20Che%20Man%20-%20Determination%20of%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20crude%20palm%20oil%20and.pdf Che Man, Y. B. and Moh, M. H. and Van De Voort, F. R. (1999) Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 76 (4). pp. 485-490. ISSN 0003-021X; ESSN: 1558-9331 https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11746-999-0029-z 10.1007/s11746-999-0029-z |
| spellingShingle | Che Man, Y. B. Moh, M. H. Van De Voort, F. R. Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title | Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title_full | Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title_fullStr | Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title_short | Determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| title_sort | determination of free fatty acids in crude palm oil and refined-bleached-deodorized palm olein using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/1/Determination%20of%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20crude%20palm%20oil%20and%20refined-bleached-deodorized%20palm%20olein%20using%20Fourier%20transform%20infrared%20spectroscopy.pdf http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/57081/7/J%20Americ%20Oil%20Chem%20Soc%20-%201999%20-%20Che%20Man%20-%20Determination%20of%20free%20fatty%20acids%20in%20crude%20palm%20oil%20and.pdf |