Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context
Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audio-visual medium to which most children were exposed. The risks were primarily limited to children being exposed to sexual and violent materials, the nature of which were known and easy to control. Nowadays, children are surround...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer Netherlands
2016
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/1/Assessing%20the%20validity%20of%20western%20measurement%20of%20online%20risks%20to%20children%20in%20an%20Asian%20context.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848852722221056000 |
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| author | Teimouri, Misha Hassan, Md Salleh Griffiths, Mark Benrazavi, Seyed Rahim Bolong, Jusang Daud, Azlina Adzharuddin, Nor Azura |
| author_facet | Teimouri, Misha Hassan, Md Salleh Griffiths, Mark Benrazavi, Seyed Rahim Bolong, Jusang Daud, Azlina Adzharuddin, Nor Azura |
| author_sort | Teimouri, Misha |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audio-visual medium to which most children were exposed. The risks were primarily limited to children being exposed to sexual and violent materials, the nature of which were known and easy to control. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to different risks, many of which are still unknown. The Internet is fully integrated into children’s daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (ii) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales of online risk to children that were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 schoolchildren. The results showed that children were more exposed to ‘unwanted exposure to pornography’ and less to ‘conduct risk’ (e.g., accidental illegal downloading; creating profiles on inappropriate websites). Boys and older children were more exposed to the risks compared to girls and younger children. The study validated five dimensions (inappropriate materials, sexting, contact-related risks, risky online sexual behavior, and bullying/being bullied) assessing online risk to children by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The study found that scales developed in Europe and the United States are not wholly suitable to an Asian context and needed to be modified. Further investigation to classify online risks to children and offer a solutions to reducing the online risks. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T10:42:35Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-55135 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T10:42:35Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Springer Netherlands |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-551352017-12-13T08:54:02Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/ Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context Teimouri, Misha Hassan, Md Salleh Griffiths, Mark Benrazavi, Seyed Rahim Bolong, Jusang Daud, Azlina Adzharuddin, Nor Azura Before the advent of the Internet, television and film was the only audio-visual medium to which most children were exposed. The risks were primarily limited to children being exposed to sexual and violent materials, the nature of which were known and easy to control. Nowadays, children are surrounded by a variety of digital media and are exposed to different risks, many of which are still unknown. The Internet is fully integrated into children’s daily lives, along with the potential risks. The present study aimed to (i) describe the level of risks children are exposed to, and (ii) test the measurement validity of a total of 45 items assessing nine scales of online risk to children that were adapted from studies carried out in Europe and the United States. The study comprised 420 schoolchildren. The results showed that children were more exposed to ‘unwanted exposure to pornography’ and less to ‘conduct risk’ (e.g., accidental illegal downloading; creating profiles on inappropriate websites). Boys and older children were more exposed to the risks compared to girls and younger children. The study validated five dimensions (inappropriate materials, sexting, contact-related risks, risky online sexual behavior, and bullying/being bullied) assessing online risk to children by using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The study found that scales developed in Europe and the United States are not wholly suitable to an Asian context and needed to be modified. Further investigation to classify online risks to children and offer a solutions to reducing the online risks. Springer Netherlands 2016-06 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/1/Assessing%20the%20validity%20of%20western%20measurement%20of%20online%20risks%20to%20children%20in%20an%20Asian%20context.pdf Teimouri, Misha and Hassan, Md Salleh and Griffiths, Mark and Benrazavi, Seyed Rahim and Bolong, Jusang and Daud, Azlina and Adzharuddin, Nor Azura (2016) Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context. Child Indicator Research, 9 (2). pp. 407-428. ISSN 1874-897X; ESSN: 1874-8988 http://link.springer.com/journal/12187 10.1007/s12187-015-9316-4 |
| spellingShingle | Teimouri, Misha Hassan, Md Salleh Griffiths, Mark Benrazavi, Seyed Rahim Bolong, Jusang Daud, Azlina Adzharuddin, Nor Azura Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title | Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title_full | Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title_fullStr | Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title_short | Assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an Asian context |
| title_sort | assessing the validity of western measurement of online risks to children in an asian context |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/55135/1/Assessing%20the%20validity%20of%20western%20measurement%20of%20online%20risks%20to%20children%20in%20an%20Asian%20context.pdf |