Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst
Sulfonated kenaf seed cake (SO3H-KSC) catalyst, was synthesized to aid biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). It was chemically activated with phosphoric acid for an impregnation period of 24 h in order to enhance the porosity and the specific surface area of kenaf seed cake (K...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2019
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/1/38370.pdf |
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| author | Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi Sbihi, Hassen Mohamed Gewik, Mohamed Mossad |
| author_facet | Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi Sbihi, Hassen Mohamed Gewik, Mohamed Mossad |
| author_sort | Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Sulfonated kenaf seed cake (SO3H-KSC) catalyst, was synthesized to aid biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). It was chemically activated with phosphoric acid for an impregnation period of 24 h in order to enhance the porosity and the specific surface area of kenaf seed cake (KSC). After the carbonization and sulfonation, the resultant catalyst was characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SO3H-KSC catalyst was amorphous in nature and had an acid density of 14.32 mmol/g, specific surface area of 365.63 m2/g, pore volume of 0.31 cm3/g and pore diameter of 2.89 nm. At optimum esterification conditions--reaction time 90 mins, temperature of 338 K, methanol:PFAD molar ratio of 10:1 and catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%—a free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of 98.7% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 97.9% was achieved. The synthesized SO3H-KSC catalyst underwent five reaction cycles while maintaining a fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of >90%. Thus, the SO3H-KSC catalyst was shown to be an excellent application of bio-based material as a precursor for catalyst synthesis for esterification of PFAD. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:41:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-38370 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:41:13Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-383702020-05-04T16:24:43Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/ Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi Sbihi, Hassen Mohamed Gewik, Mohamed Mossad Sulfonated kenaf seed cake (SO3H-KSC) catalyst, was synthesized to aid biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). It was chemically activated with phosphoric acid for an impregnation period of 24 h in order to enhance the porosity and the specific surface area of kenaf seed cake (KSC). After the carbonization and sulfonation, the resultant catalyst was characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), NH3-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The SO3H-KSC catalyst was amorphous in nature and had an acid density of 14.32 mmol/g, specific surface area of 365.63 m2/g, pore volume of 0.31 cm3/g and pore diameter of 2.89 nm. At optimum esterification conditions--reaction time 90 mins, temperature of 338 K, methanol:PFAD molar ratio of 10:1 and catalyst concentration of 2 wt.%—a free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of 98.7% and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of 97.9% was achieved. The synthesized SO3H-KSC catalyst underwent five reaction cycles while maintaining a fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of >90%. Thus, the SO3H-KSC catalyst was shown to be an excellent application of bio-based material as a precursor for catalyst synthesis for esterification of PFAD. MDPI 2019 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/1/38370.pdf Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim and Rashid, Umer and Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw and Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi and Sbihi, Hassen Mohamed and Gewik, Mohamed Mossad (2019) Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst. Catalysts, 9 (5). art. no. 482. pp. 1-16. ISSN 2073-4344 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/9/5/482 10.3390/catal9050482 |
| spellingShingle | Akinfalabi, Shehu-Ibrahim Rashid, Umer Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Nehdi, Imededdine Arbi Sbihi, Hassen Mohamed Gewik, Mohamed Mossad Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title | Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title_full | Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title_short | Esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| title_sort | esterification of palm fatty acid distillate for biodiesel production catalyzed by synthesized kenaf seed cake-based sulfonated catalyst |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38370/1/38370.pdf |