Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst
The main purpose of this manuscript is to report the new usage of tea waste (TW) as a catalyst for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel. In this work, we investigate the potential of tea waste char as a catalyst for biodiesel production before and after sulfonation....
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI
2019
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/1/38323.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848848847966568448 |
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| author | Rashid, Umer Ahmad, Junaid Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Nisar, Jan Hanif, Muhammad Asif Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw |
| author_facet | Rashid, Umer Ahmad, Junaid Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Nisar, Jan Hanif, Muhammad Asif Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw |
| author_sort | Rashid, Umer |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The main purpose of this manuscript is to report the new usage of tea waste (TW) as a catalyst for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel. In this work, we investigate the potential of tea waste char as a catalyst for biodiesel production before and after sulfonation. The activated sulfonated tea waste char catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental composition (CHNS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and ammonia-temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). The activated tea waste char catalyst shows higher acid density of 31 μmol g−1 as compared to tea waste char of 16 μmol g−1 and higher surface area of 122 m2/g. The optimum fatty acid conversion conditions were found that 4 wt % of catalyst loading with 9:1 of methanol:PFAD for 90 min of reaction time at 65 °C gives 97% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. In conclusion, the sulfonated tea waste (STW) catalyst showed an impressive catalytic activity towards the esterification of PFAD at optimum reaction conditions with significant recyclability in five successive cycles without any reactivation step. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:41:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-38323 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:41:01Z |
| publishDate | 2019 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-383232020-05-04T16:17:26Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/ Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst Rashid, Umer Ahmad, Junaid Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Nisar, Jan Hanif, Muhammad Asif Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw The main purpose of this manuscript is to report the new usage of tea waste (TW) as a catalyst for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to biodiesel. In this work, we investigate the potential of tea waste char as a catalyst for biodiesel production before and after sulfonation. The activated sulfonated tea waste char catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), elemental composition (CHNS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and ammonia-temperature-programmed desorption (NH3-TPD). The activated tea waste char catalyst shows higher acid density of 31 μmol g−1 as compared to tea waste char of 16 μmol g−1 and higher surface area of 122 m2/g. The optimum fatty acid conversion conditions were found that 4 wt % of catalyst loading with 9:1 of methanol:PFAD for 90 min of reaction time at 65 °C gives 97% free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. In conclusion, the sulfonated tea waste (STW) catalyst showed an impressive catalytic activity towards the esterification of PFAD at optimum reaction conditions with significant recyclability in five successive cycles without any reactivation step. MDPI 2019 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/1/38323.pdf Rashid, Umer and Ahmad, Junaid and Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman and Nisar, Jan and Hanif, Muhammad Asif and Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw (2019) Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst. Materials, 12 (14). art. no. 2293. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1996-1944 https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/12/14/2293 10.3390/ma12142293 |
| spellingShingle | Rashid, Umer Ahmad, Junaid Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Nisar, Jan Hanif, Muhammad Asif Choong, Thomas Shean Yaw Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title | Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title_full | Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title_short | Single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| title_sort | single-pot synthesis of biodiesel using efficient sulfonated-derived tea waste-heterogeneous catalyst |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/38323/1/38323.pdf |