Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac
Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%–80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17–1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300–3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5–30 minutes) on the properti...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dove Medical Press
2014
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/1/Formulation%20development%20and%20optimization%20of%20palm%20kernel%20oil%20esters-based%20nanoemulsions%20containing%20sodium%20diclofenac.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848848680898002944 |
|---|---|
| author | Rezaee, Malahat Basri, Mahiran Raja Abdul Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha Salleh, Abu Bakar Chaibakhsh, Naz Karjiban, Roghayeh Abedi |
| author_facet | Rezaee, Malahat Basri, Mahiran Raja Abdul Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha Salleh, Abu Bakar Chaibakhsh, Naz Karjiban, Roghayeh Abedi |
| author_sort | Rezaee, Malahat |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%–80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17–1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300–3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5–30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R2) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects (P<0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:38:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-37709 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:38:21Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Dove Medical Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-377092016-09-27T02:23:22Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/ Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac Rezaee, Malahat Basri, Mahiran Raja Abdul Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha Salleh, Abu Bakar Chaibakhsh, Naz Karjiban, Roghayeh Abedi Response surface methodology was employed to study the effect of formulation composition variables, water content (60%–80%, w/w) and oil and surfactant (O/S) ratio (0.17–1.33), as well as high-shear emulsification conditions, mixing rate (300–3,000 rpm) and mixing time (5–30 minutes) on the properties of sodium diclofenac-loaded palm kernel oil esters-nanoemulsions. The two response variables were droplet size and viscosity. Optimization of the conditions according to the four variables was performed for preparation of the nanoemulsions with the minimum values of particle size and viscosity. The results showed that the experimental data could be sufficiently fitted into a third-order polynomial model with multiple regression coefficients (R2) of 0.938 and 0.994 for the particle size and viscosity, respectively. Water content, O/S ratio and mixing time, quadrics of all independent variables, interaction between O/S ratio and mixing rate and between mixing time and rate, as well as cubic term of water content had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the particle size of nanoemulsions. The linear effect of all independent variables, quadrics of water content and O/S ratio, interaction of water content and O/S ratio, as well as cubic term of water content and O/S ratio had significant effects (P<0.05) on the viscosity of all nanoemulsions. The optimum conditions for preparation of sodium diclofenac nanoemulsions were predicted to be: 71.36% water content; 0.69 O/S ratio; 950 rpm mixing rate, and 5 minute mixing time. The optimized formulation showed good storage stability in different temperatures. Dove Medical Press 2014 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/1/Formulation%20development%20and%20optimization%20of%20palm%20kernel%20oil%20esters-based%20nanoemulsions%20containing%20sodium%20diclofenac.pdf Rezaee, Malahat and Basri, Mahiran and Raja Abdul Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha and Salleh, Abu Bakar and Chaibakhsh, Naz and Karjiban, Roghayeh Abedi (2014) Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 9 (1). pp. 539-548. ISSN 1176-9114; ESSN: 1178-2013 http://www.dovepress.com/formulation-development-and-optimization-of-palm-kernel-oil-esters-bas-peer-reviewed-article-IJN 10.2147/IJN.S49616 |
| spellingShingle | Rezaee, Malahat Basri, Mahiran Raja Abdul Rahman, Raja Noor Zaliha Salleh, Abu Bakar Chaibakhsh, Naz Karjiban, Roghayeh Abedi Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title | Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title_full | Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title_fullStr | Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title_full_unstemmed | Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title_short | Formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| title_sort | formulation development and optimization of palm kernel oil esters-based nanoemulsions containing sodium diclofenac |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/37709/1/Formulation%20development%20and%20optimization%20of%20palm%20kernel%20oil%20esters-based%20nanoemulsions%20containing%20sodium%20diclofenac.pdf |