The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban childr...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
2015
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/1/The%20relationship%20between%20household%20income%20and%20dietary%20intakes%20of%201-10%20year%20old%20urban%20Malaysian.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848846481220435968 |
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| author | Mohd Shariff, Zalilah Khor, Geok Lin Sariman, Sarina Huang, Mary Soo Lee Chin, Yit Siew Mohd Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Chan, Yoke Mun Mohamad, Maznorila |
| author_facet | Mohd Shariff, Zalilah Khor, Geok Lin Sariman, Sarina Huang, Mary Soo Lee Chin, Yit Siew Mohd Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Chan, Yoke Mun Mohamad, Maznorila |
| author_sort | Mohd Shariff, Zalilah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:03:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-29733 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T09:03:24Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-297332016-09-14T03:53:21Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/ The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian Mohd Shariff, Zalilah Khor, Geok Lin Sariman, Sarina Huang, Mary Soo Lee Chin, Yit Siew Mohd Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Chan, Yoke Mun Mohamad, Maznorila BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children. The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2015 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/1/The%20relationship%20between%20household%20income%20and%20dietary%20intakes%20of%201-10%20year%20old%20urban%20Malaysian.pdf Mohd Shariff, Zalilah and Khor, Geok Lin and Sariman, Sarina and Huang, Mary Soo Lee and Chin, Yit Siew and Mohd Yusof, Barakatun Nisak and Chan, Yoke Mun and Mohamad, Maznorila (2015) The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian. Nutrition Research and Practice, 9 (3). pp. 278-287. ISSN 1976-1457; ESSN: 2005-6168 http://e-nrp.org/search.php?where=aview&id=10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.278&code=0161NRP&vmode=AONLY 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.3.278 |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Shariff, Zalilah Khor, Geok Lin Sariman, Sarina Huang, Mary Soo Lee Chin, Yit Siew Mohd Yusof, Barakatun Nisak Chan, Yoke Mun Mohamad, Maznorila The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title | The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title_full | The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title_fullStr | The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title_full_unstemmed | The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title_short | The relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban Malaysian |
| title_sort | relationship between household income and dietary intakes of 1-10 year old urban malaysian |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29733/1/The%20relationship%20between%20household%20income%20and%20dietary%20intakes%20of%201-10%20year%20old%20urban%20Malaysian.pdf |