Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst
The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in supercritical methanol was investigated by using carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose and starch, which had been coded as sulfonated-ICG and sulfonated-ICS, res...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2016
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/1/Sub-%20and%20supercritical%20esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20with%20carbohydrate-derived%20solid%20acid%20catalyst.pdf |
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| author | Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Goto, Motonobu Rashid, Umer Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin |
| author_facet | Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Goto, Motonobu Rashid, Umer Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin |
| author_sort | Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in supercritical methanol was investigated by using carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose and starch, which had been coded as sulfonated-ICG and sulfonated-ICS, respectively. The contents of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and its yield were determined by using gas chromatography techniques. The effects of sub- and supercritical operating conditions such as methanol/PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were analyzed to determine their optimum operating conditions. At optimum reaction temperature of 290 °C, methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, catalyst amount of 1 wt.% and 5 min reaction time, the esterification of PFAD in supercritical methanol with the presence of sulfonated-ICS and -ICG catalysts resulted 97.3% and 95.4% of FAME; both catalysts yield significantly higher percentages compared to uncatalyzed reaction. Alongside of its potential in enhancing the efficiency of production process, the utilization of carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst in supercritical methanol method had also resulting fast reaction and energy saving. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:57:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-28406 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:57:28Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-284062016-06-20T06:40:15Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/ Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Goto, Motonobu Rashid, Umer Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) in supercritical methanol was investigated by using carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by sulfonation of incomplete carbonized glucose and starch, which had been coded as sulfonated-ICG and sulfonated-ICS, respectively. The contents of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and its yield were determined by using gas chromatography techniques. The effects of sub- and supercritical operating conditions such as methanol/PFAD molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were analyzed to determine their optimum operating conditions. At optimum reaction temperature of 290 °C, methanol/PFAD molar ratio of 6/1, catalyst amount of 1 wt.% and 5 min reaction time, the esterification of PFAD in supercritical methanol with the presence of sulfonated-ICS and -ICG catalysts resulted 97.3% and 95.4% of FAME; both catalysts yield significantly higher percentages compared to uncatalyzed reaction. Alongside of its potential in enhancing the efficiency of production process, the utilization of carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst in supercritical methanol method had also resulting fast reaction and energy saving. Elsevier 2016-01 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/1/Sub-%20and%20supercritical%20esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20with%20carbohydrate-derived%20solid%20acid%20catalyst.pdf Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman and Goto, Motonobu and Rashid, Umer and Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin (2016) Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 284. pp. 872-878. ISSN 1385-8947; ESSN: 1873-3212 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894715011845 10.1016/j.cej.2015.08.102 |
| spellingShingle | Ibrahim, Mohd Lokman Goto, Motonobu Rashid, Umer Yap, Taufiq Yun Hin Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title | Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title_full | Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title_fullStr | Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title_short | Sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| title_sort | sub- and supercritical esterification of palm fatty acid distillate with carbohydrate-derived solid acid catalyst |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/28406/1/Sub-%20and%20supercritical%20esterification%20of%20palm%20fatty%20acid%20distillate%20with%20carbohydrate-derived%20solid%20acid%20catalyst.pdf |