Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating.
High demands on low-voltage electronics have increased the need for zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors with fast response, highly non-linear current-voltage characteristics and energy absorption capabilities at low breakdown voltage. However, trade-off between breakdown voltage and grain size poses a critic...
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MDPI Publishing
2012
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/1/Synthesis%20mechanism%20of%20low-voltage%20Praseodymium%20oxide%20doped%20zinc%20oxide%20varistor%20ceramics%20prepared%20through%20modified%20citrate%20gel%20coating.pdf |
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| author | Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah Zakaria, Azmi Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Sabri |
| author_facet | Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah Zakaria, Azmi Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Sabri |
| author_sort | Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
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| description | High demands on low-voltage electronics have increased the need for zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors with fast response, highly non-linear current-voltage characteristics and energy absorption capabilities at low breakdown voltage. However, trade-off between breakdown voltage and grain size poses a critical bottle-neck in the production of low-voltage varistors. The present study highlights the synthesis mechanism for obtaining praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) based ZnO varistor ceramics having breakdown voltages of 2.8 to 13.3 V/mm through employment of direct modified citrate gel coating technique. Precursor powder and its ceramics were examined by means of TG/DTG, FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyses. The electrical properties as a function of Pr6O11 addition were analyzed on the basis of I-V characteristic measurement. The breakdown voltage could be adjusted from 0.01 to 0.06 V per grain boundary by controlling the amount of Pr6O11 from 0.2 to 0.8 mol%, without alteration of the grain size. The non-linearity coefficient, α, varied from 3.0 to 3.5 and the barrier height ranged from 0.56 to 0.64 eV. Breakdown voltage and α lowering with increasing Pr6O11 content were associated to reduction in the barrier height caused by variation in O vacancies at grain boundary. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:44:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-25269 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:44:02Z |
| publishDate | 2012 |
| publisher | MDPI Publishing |
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| spelling | upm-252692015-10-09T07:23:03Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/ Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah Zakaria, Azmi Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Sabri High demands on low-voltage electronics have increased the need for zinc oxide (ZnO) varistors with fast response, highly non-linear current-voltage characteristics and energy absorption capabilities at low breakdown voltage. However, trade-off between breakdown voltage and grain size poses a critical bottle-neck in the production of low-voltage varistors. The present study highlights the synthesis mechanism for obtaining praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11) based ZnO varistor ceramics having breakdown voltages of 2.8 to 13.3 V/mm through employment of direct modified citrate gel coating technique. Precursor powder and its ceramics were examined by means of TG/DTG, FTIR, XRD and FESEM analyses. The electrical properties as a function of Pr6O11 addition were analyzed on the basis of I-V characteristic measurement. The breakdown voltage could be adjusted from 0.01 to 0.06 V per grain boundary by controlling the amount of Pr6O11 from 0.2 to 0.8 mol%, without alteration of the grain size. The non-linearity coefficient, α, varied from 3.0 to 3.5 and the barrier height ranged from 0.56 to 0.64 eV. Breakdown voltage and α lowering with increasing Pr6O11 content were associated to reduction in the barrier height caused by variation in O vacancies at grain boundary. MDPI Publishing 2012-04 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/1/Synthesis%20mechanism%20of%20low-voltage%20Praseodymium%20oxide%20doped%20zinc%20oxide%20varistor%20ceramics%20prepared%20through%20modified%20citrate%20gel%20coating.pdf Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah and Zakaria, Azmi and Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Sabri (2012) Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 13 (4). pp. 5278-5289. ISSN 1422-0067 10.3390/ijms13045278 English |
| spellingShingle | Wan Abdullah, Wan Rafizah Zakaria, Azmi Mohd Ghazali, Mohd Sabri Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title | Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title_full | Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title_short | Synthesis mechanism of low-voltage Praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| title_sort | synthesis mechanism of low-voltage praseodymium oxide doped zinc oxide varistor ceramics prepared through modified citrate gel coating. |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/25269/1/Synthesis%20mechanism%20of%20low-voltage%20Praseodymium%20oxide%20doped%20zinc%20oxide%20varistor%20ceramics%20prepared%20through%20modified%20citrate%20gel%20coating.pdf |