The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries
This study explores the inter-relationship between military expenditure, education expenditure and health expenditure in eight selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and South Korea. Autoregressive Distributed Lag-Restricted Error...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
| Published: |
Canadian Center of Science and Education
2009
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/1/The%20relationship%20between%20defense.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848843201312456704 |
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| author | Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa Habibullah, Muzafar Shah Abdul Hamid, Baharom |
| author_facet | Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa Habibullah, Muzafar Shah Abdul Hamid, Baharom |
| author_sort | Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study explores the inter-relationship between military expenditure, education expenditure and health expenditure in
eight selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and
South Korea. Autoregressive Distributed Lag-Restricted Error Correction Model (ARDL-RECM) procedure was
utilized in the analysis. The empirical results suggest that, except for the case of Malaysia and Sri Lanka, whereby no meaningful interrelationship was detected between these three variables, the results for the rest of the countries are mixed, with differing granger causality being detected among these variables. The mixed results obtained in this study is an indicator of differing policy being implemented and will result in varying implication. Generally the error correction term is significant. Implying there is long-run relationship between defense spending, education and health expenditure. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:11:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-17292 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T08:11:16Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | Canadian Center of Science and Education |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-172922015-10-22T01:43:01Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/ The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa Habibullah, Muzafar Shah Abdul Hamid, Baharom This study explores the inter-relationship between military expenditure, education expenditure and health expenditure in eight selected Asian countries namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and South Korea. Autoregressive Distributed Lag-Restricted Error Correction Model (ARDL-RECM) procedure was utilized in the analysis. The empirical results suggest that, except for the case of Malaysia and Sri Lanka, whereby no meaningful interrelationship was detected between these three variables, the results for the rest of the countries are mixed, with differing granger causality being detected among these variables. The mixed results obtained in this study is an indicator of differing policy being implemented and will result in varying implication. Generally the error correction term is significant. Implying there is long-run relationship between defense spending, education and health expenditure. Canadian Center of Science and Education 2009-08 Article PeerReviewed application/pdf en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/1/The%20relationship%20between%20defense.pdf Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa and Habibullah, Muzafar Shah and Abdul Hamid, Baharom (2009) The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 1 (2). pp. 149-155. ISSN 1916-971X Asia - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Defense - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Education - Appropriations and expenditures English |
| spellingShingle | Asia - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Defense - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Education - Appropriations and expenditures Mohd Tahir, Hirnissa Habibullah, Muzafar Shah Abdul Hamid, Baharom The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title | The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title_full | The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title_fullStr | The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title_full_unstemmed | The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title_short | The relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected Asian countries |
| title_sort | relationship between defense, education and health expenditures in selected asian countries |
| topic | Asia - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Defense - Appropriations and expenditures Asia - Education - Appropriations and expenditures |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/17292/1/The%20relationship%20between%20defense.pdf |