Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis
Agricultural waste byproducts (Date pits), are discarded in tons yearly and possess several nutritional advantages. Researches indicated that goat milk holds equivalent or superior potential than cow milk. Pathway analyses aid in uncovering biological mechanisms embedded within the dataset. This stu...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/1/121080.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868291797319680 |
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| author | Rahman, M.R.Abd Aween, M.M. Hassan, Z. Hassan, M.S. Hashim, R. Ismail, I.S. Misenan, M.S.M. Ranjithkumar, R. Li, K.F. Wong, L.S. |
| author_facet | Rahman, M.R.Abd Aween, M.M. Hassan, Z. Hassan, M.S. Hashim, R. Ismail, I.S. Misenan, M.S.M. Ranjithkumar, R. Li, K.F. Wong, L.S. |
| author_sort | Rahman, M.R.Abd |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Agricultural waste byproducts (Date pits), are discarded in tons yearly and possess several nutritional advantages. Researches indicated that goat milk holds equivalent or superior potential than cow milk. Pathway analyses aid in uncovering biological mechanisms embedded within the dataset. This study concentrated on date pit powder (DPP) as a potential supplement for dairy goats to enhance milk quality, emphasizing on the route analyses. 1H NMR analyses on DPP extracts was executed followed by chemometrics. Dairy goats were categorized into six groups (n = 4 / group): control, 10 g and 20 g for both Ajwa DPP (high quality) and Mariami DPP, and an additional 30 g for Mariami DPP exclusively. DPP supplementation was administered daily throughout a three-month duration. The goat milk was subsequently subjected to 1H NMR studies, followed by chemometrics (PCA and PLS). Milk metabolites were subsequently analyzed using MetaboAnalyst software, with visualizations shown as heatmaps and pathway analyses. The 1H NMR data of DPP samples from TCA and PB extracts (non-polar) successfully eliminated most metabolites in comparison to the aqueous ACN and MeOH extracts (polar). Following which, Ajwa and Mariami DPP exhibited nearly identical concentrations of the chemicals α-Glucose and flavanone, resulting in PCA clustering. The heatmap revealed varying milk metabolite concentrations, reflecting the animals' condition at months 1 and 3 due to DPP treatment. Six significant metabolic pathways (p < 0.05), with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism exhibiting the lowest p-value. DPP, an agricultural waste byproduct, is a viable alternative nutritional supplement at enhancing milk quality, as evaluated by metabolic pathways, in addition to reports of increased milk yield in other studies. This indirectly is in line with the sustainable development goals (SDG) in particular targeting on zero hunger; and good health and well-being. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:50:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-121080 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:50:04Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1210802025-10-27T05:20:51Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/ Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis Rahman, M.R.Abd Aween, M.M. Hassan, Z. Hassan, M.S. Hashim, R. Ismail, I.S. Misenan, M.S.M. Ranjithkumar, R. Li, K.F. Wong, L.S. Agricultural waste byproducts (Date pits), are discarded in tons yearly and possess several nutritional advantages. Researches indicated that goat milk holds equivalent or superior potential than cow milk. Pathway analyses aid in uncovering biological mechanisms embedded within the dataset. This study concentrated on date pit powder (DPP) as a potential supplement for dairy goats to enhance milk quality, emphasizing on the route analyses. 1H NMR analyses on DPP extracts was executed followed by chemometrics. Dairy goats were categorized into six groups (n = 4 / group): control, 10 g and 20 g for both Ajwa DPP (high quality) and Mariami DPP, and an additional 30 g for Mariami DPP exclusively. DPP supplementation was administered daily throughout a three-month duration. The goat milk was subsequently subjected to 1H NMR studies, followed by chemometrics (PCA and PLS). Milk metabolites were subsequently analyzed using MetaboAnalyst software, with visualizations shown as heatmaps and pathway analyses. The 1H NMR data of DPP samples from TCA and PB extracts (non-polar) successfully eliminated most metabolites in comparison to the aqueous ACN and MeOH extracts (polar). Following which, Ajwa and Mariami DPP exhibited nearly identical concentrations of the chemicals α-Glucose and flavanone, resulting in PCA clustering. The heatmap revealed varying milk metabolite concentrations, reflecting the animals' condition at months 1 and 3 due to DPP treatment. Six significant metabolic pathways (p < 0.05), with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism exhibiting the lowest p-value. DPP, an agricultural waste byproduct, is a viable alternative nutritional supplement at enhancing milk quality, as evaluated by metabolic pathways, in addition to reports of increased milk yield in other studies. This indirectly is in line with the sustainable development goals (SDG) in particular targeting on zero hunger; and good health and well-being. Elsevier 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/1/121080.pdf Rahman, M.R.Abd and Aween, M.M. and Hassan, Z. and Hassan, M.S. and Hashim, R. and Ismail, I.S. and Misenan, M.S.M. and Ranjithkumar, R. and Li, K.F. and Wong, L.S. (2025) Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis. Food Chemistry Advances, 7. art. no. 101024. pp. 1-9. ISSN 2772-753X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772753X25001406?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.focha.2025.101024 |
| spellingShingle | Rahman, M.R.Abd Aween, M.M. Hassan, Z. Hassan, M.S. Hashim, R. Ismail, I.S. Misenan, M.S.M. Ranjithkumar, R. Li, K.F. Wong, L.S. Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title | Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title_full | Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title_fullStr | Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title_short | Agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1H NMR metabolite identification for goat (Capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| title_sort | agricultural waste byproduct utilization: date pit powder 1h nmr metabolite identification for goat (capra hircus) milk pathway analysis |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121080/1/121080.pdf |