Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are significant viral diseases impacting small ruminants, leading to substantial economic losses and posing a potential threat to livestock health. Although seroprevalence evidence of these viruses has been documented in rumin...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Chulalongkorn University Printing House
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/1/121004.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868271078506496 |
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| author | Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Paul, Bura Thlama Charles, Shalonagiftsal Stephen C Noor Zaman, Ummul Rifhan Najiha Teik Chung, Eric Lim Azhar, Nur Amira Barre, Abdirahman Mikail, Muhammed Mohd Lila, Mohd Azmi |
| author_facet | Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Paul, Bura Thlama Charles, Shalonagiftsal Stephen C Noor Zaman, Ummul Rifhan Najiha Teik Chung, Eric Lim Azhar, Nur Amira Barre, Abdirahman Mikail, Muhammed Mohd Lila, Mohd Azmi |
| author_sort | Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are significant viral diseases impacting small ruminants, leading to substantial economic losses and posing a potential threat to livestock health. Although seroprevalence evidence of these viruses has been documented in ruminants, there is a lack of data regarding their presence among farmed deer in Malaysia. This preliminary study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for CAEV and PPRV infections among deer in Malaysia. A total of ninety-two blood sera from an institutional deer farm were screened for CAEV and PPRV antibodies using commercially available indirect ELISA test kits. The results revealed 8.7% (95% CI = 4.47-16.23) apparent and 8.38% (95% CI = 3.72-16.7) true prevalence for CAEV and 4.35% (95% CI = 1.70-10.65) apparent and 3.99% (95% CI = 1.18-10.70) true seroprevalence for PPRV among deer. Univariable analysis indicated that age (χ2 = 4.434, p = 0.707) and sex (χ2 = 1.071, p = 0.377) were not significantly associated with CAEV seropositivity, while the herd group (χ2 = 4.733, p = 0.053) showed a significant association. Conversely, PPR seroprevalence was higher in young deer (8.0%) compared to adults (2.69%), with female deer demonstrating a higher prevalence (5.36%) than males. Additionally, the older herd exhibited a higher true prevalence of PPR (5.07%) compared to the newer herd (2.32%). This study provides the first serological evidence of CAEV and PPRV among deer in Malaysia and justifies further epidemiological investigations in order to reduce the potential threat to animals. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-121004 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:44Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Chulalongkorn University Printing House |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1210042025-10-21T02:44:17Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/ Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Paul, Bura Thlama Charles, Shalonagiftsal Stephen C Noor Zaman, Ummul Rifhan Najiha Teik Chung, Eric Lim Azhar, Nur Amira Barre, Abdirahman Mikail, Muhammed Mohd Lila, Mohd Azmi Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are significant viral diseases impacting small ruminants, leading to substantial economic losses and posing a potential threat to livestock health. Although seroprevalence evidence of these viruses has been documented in ruminants, there is a lack of data regarding their presence among farmed deer in Malaysia. This preliminary study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors for CAEV and PPRV infections among deer in Malaysia. A total of ninety-two blood sera from an institutional deer farm were screened for CAEV and PPRV antibodies using commercially available indirect ELISA test kits. The results revealed 8.7% (95% CI = 4.47-16.23) apparent and 8.38% (95% CI = 3.72-16.7) true prevalence for CAEV and 4.35% (95% CI = 1.70-10.65) apparent and 3.99% (95% CI = 1.18-10.70) true seroprevalence for PPRV among deer. Univariable analysis indicated that age (χ2 = 4.434, p = 0.707) and sex (χ2 = 1.071, p = 0.377) were not significantly associated with CAEV seropositivity, while the herd group (χ2 = 4.733, p = 0.053) showed a significant association. Conversely, PPR seroprevalence was higher in young deer (8.0%) compared to adults (2.69%), with female deer demonstrating a higher prevalence (5.36%) than males. Additionally, the older herd exhibited a higher true prevalence of PPR (5.07%) compared to the newer herd (2.32%). This study provides the first serological evidence of CAEV and PPRV among deer in Malaysia and justifies further epidemiological investigations in order to reduce the potential threat to animals. Chulalongkorn University Printing House 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/1/121004.pdf Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair and Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah and Paul, Bura Thlama and Charles, Shalonagiftsal Stephen C and Noor Zaman, Ummul Rifhan Najiha and Teik Chung, Eric Lim and Azhar, Nur Amira and Barre, Abdirahman and Mikail, Muhammed and Mohd Lila, Mohd Azmi (2025) Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 55 (1). art. no. 9. pp. 1-9. ISSN 0125-6491 https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/tjvm/vol55/iss2/9/ 10.56808/2985-1130.3838 |
| spellingShingle | Balakrishnan, Krishnan Nair Jesse, Faez Firdaus Abdullah Paul, Bura Thlama Charles, Shalonagiftsal Stephen C Noor Zaman, Ummul Rifhan Najiha Teik Chung, Eric Lim Azhar, Nur Amira Barre, Abdirahman Mikail, Muhammed Mohd Lila, Mohd Azmi Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title | Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title_full | Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title_short | Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) among deer in an institutional farm in Malaysia |
| title_sort | seroprevalence and associated risk factors of caprine arthritis encephalitis (cae) and peste des petits ruminants (ppr) among deer in an institutional farm in malaysia |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/121004/1/121004.pdf |