Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications
This research explores the development and evaluation of a bio-based conductive ink derived from Prosopis Africana Char (PAC) for antenna applications, aiming to provide a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional conductive materials in electronics. The study focuses on the structural...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/1/120973.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868262950993920 |
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| author | Babani, Suleiman Hamidon, Mohd Nizar Ismail, Alyani Jaafar, Haslina Hasan, Intan Helina Shafee, Farah Nabilah Shitu, Ibrahim Garba Lamido, Jamila Lawan, Sani Halliru Yunusa, Zainab |
| author_facet | Babani, Suleiman Hamidon, Mohd Nizar Ismail, Alyani Jaafar, Haslina Hasan, Intan Helina Shafee, Farah Nabilah Shitu, Ibrahim Garba Lamido, Jamila Lawan, Sani Halliru Yunusa, Zainab |
| author_sort | Babani, Suleiman |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This research explores the development and evaluation of a bio-based conductive ink derived from Prosopis Africana Char (PAC) for antenna applications, aiming to provide a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional conductive materials in electronics. The study focuses on the structural, thermal, and electrical properties of the PAC-based ink to determine its suitability for printed antenna technology. The conductive ink was formulated by mixing PAC powder with an organic binder composed of m-xylene, linseed oil, and α-terpineol in a 45:55 wt% ratio, followed by mechanical stirring at 250 rpm for 3 hours at 40 °C to achieve a homogeneous paste. This mixture was screen-printed onto an FR4 substrate and thermally treated at 300 °C. Characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and four-point probe conductivity measurements were used to analyze the ink's morphology, composition, and electrical behavior. The PAC ink demonstrated a high conductivity of 4.678 S/m, strong adhesion, and excellent printability and environmental stability under variable temperature and humidity. Antenna performance assessments revealed promising results, including a return loss of |S11|= −16.50 dB, a resonant frequency of 9.5 GHz, a bandwidth of 1.32 GHz, a peak gain of 6.62 dB, a VSWR of 1.25, and an efficiency of 80%. These outcomes indicate that the PAC thick film enhances bandwidth and radiation efficiency due to its favorable dielectric characteristics. Overall, the study confirms the potential of Prosopis africana as a viable, eco-friendly conductive material for flexible, lightweight antennas, offering a promising direction for sustainable innovation in wireless communication technologies. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120973 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:36Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Universiti Putra Malaysia Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1209732025-10-17T02:38:15Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/ Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications Babani, Suleiman Hamidon, Mohd Nizar Ismail, Alyani Jaafar, Haslina Hasan, Intan Helina Shafee, Farah Nabilah Shitu, Ibrahim Garba Lamido, Jamila Lawan, Sani Halliru Yunusa, Zainab This research explores the development and evaluation of a bio-based conductive ink derived from Prosopis Africana Char (PAC) for antenna applications, aiming to provide a sustainable, cost-effective alternative to conventional conductive materials in electronics. The study focuses on the structural, thermal, and electrical properties of the PAC-based ink to determine its suitability for printed antenna technology. The conductive ink was formulated by mixing PAC powder with an organic binder composed of m-xylene, linseed oil, and α-terpineol in a 45:55 wt% ratio, followed by mechanical stirring at 250 rpm for 3 hours at 40 °C to achieve a homogeneous paste. This mixture was screen-printed onto an FR4 substrate and thermally treated at 300 °C. Characterization techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and four-point probe conductivity measurements were used to analyze the ink's morphology, composition, and electrical behavior. The PAC ink demonstrated a high conductivity of 4.678 S/m, strong adhesion, and excellent printability and environmental stability under variable temperature and humidity. Antenna performance assessments revealed promising results, including a return loss of |S11|= −16.50 dB, a resonant frequency of 9.5 GHz, a bandwidth of 1.32 GHz, a peak gain of 6.62 dB, a VSWR of 1.25, and an efficiency of 80%. These outcomes indicate that the PAC thick film enhances bandwidth and radiation efficiency due to its favorable dielectric characteristics. Overall, the study confirms the potential of Prosopis africana as a viable, eco-friendly conductive material for flexible, lightweight antennas, offering a promising direction for sustainable innovation in wireless communication technologies. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/1/120973.pdf Babani, Suleiman and Hamidon, Mohd Nizar and Ismail, Alyani and Jaafar, Haslina and Hasan, Intan Helina and Shafee, Farah Nabilah and Shitu, Ibrahim Garba and Lamido, Jamila and Lawan, Sani Halliru and Yunusa, Zainab (2025) Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 33 (S4). pp. 27-43. ISSN 0128-7680; eISSN: 2231-8526 http://pertanika2.upm.edu.my/pjst/browse/special-issue?article=JST(S)-0687-2025 10.47836/pjst.33.S4.02 |
| spellingShingle | Babani, Suleiman Hamidon, Mohd Nizar Ismail, Alyani Jaafar, Haslina Hasan, Intan Helina Shafee, Farah Nabilah Shitu, Ibrahim Garba Lamido, Jamila Lawan, Sani Halliru Yunusa, Zainab Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title | Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title_full | Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title_fullStr | Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title_short | Material characterization and electrical performance of Prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| title_sort | material characterization and electrical performance of prosopis africana conductive ink for antenna applications |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120973/1/120973.pdf |