Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides
This research work presents the development and characterization of a water-gated high electron mobility transistor (WGHEMT) sensor for real-time detection of herbicides, specifically glyphosate, paraquat, and diquat. Conventional FET-based sensors often suffer from design rigidity, as they are not...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier B.V.
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/1/120918.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868246415998976 |
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| author | Firdaus, Amirul Fauzi, Najihah Ismail, Shuhadah Hamzah, Nur Atiqah Shukor, Rashidah Kawarada, Hiroshi Falina, Shaili Syamsul, Mohd |
| author_facet | Firdaus, Amirul Fauzi, Najihah Ismail, Shuhadah Hamzah, Nur Atiqah Shukor, Rashidah Kawarada, Hiroshi Falina, Shaili Syamsul, Mohd |
| author_sort | Firdaus, Amirul |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This research work presents the development and characterization of a water-gated high electron mobility transistor (WGHEMT) sensor for real-time detection of herbicides, specifically glyphosate, paraquat, and diquat. Conventional FET-based sensors often suffer from design rigidity, as they are not modular and typically require complex fabrication steps for each specific target analyte. These limitations hinder their reusability for practical environmental monitoring applications. The WGHEMT utilizes a dual-pool electrolyte-gating mechanism with a replaceable ion-selective membrane (ISM) to modulate charge interactions at the AlGaN/GaN interface. Electrical and potentiometric responses were evaluated for both stock and commercial formulations, revealing that WGHEMT performance is highly dependent on herbicide concentrations. Paraquat consistently demonstrated the highest sensitivity due to its dicationic structure, while commercial glyphosate showed enhanced performance, attributed to improved ionic mobility from surfactants. Current sensitivity reached up to 761.029 µA/mg L−1 for commercial paraquat with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.96173). The WGHEMT exhibited strong stability and repeatability, with drift values under 1 % during time-dependent measurements for all herbicides concentrations. The WGHEMT adopts a modular approach through its interchangeable ISM, allowing flexible detection of various herbicides without requiring structural modifications. These results highlight the WGHEMT sensor's high sensitivity, reliability, and suitability for field-based herbicide monitoring, underscoring the importance of calibrating WGHEMTs with commercial formulations for accurate environmental assessment. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120918 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:20Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier B.V. |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1209182025-10-15T07:37:14Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/ Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides Firdaus, Amirul Fauzi, Najihah Ismail, Shuhadah Hamzah, Nur Atiqah Shukor, Rashidah Kawarada, Hiroshi Falina, Shaili Syamsul, Mohd This research work presents the development and characterization of a water-gated high electron mobility transistor (WGHEMT) sensor for real-time detection of herbicides, specifically glyphosate, paraquat, and diquat. Conventional FET-based sensors often suffer from design rigidity, as they are not modular and typically require complex fabrication steps for each specific target analyte. These limitations hinder their reusability for practical environmental monitoring applications. The WGHEMT utilizes a dual-pool electrolyte-gating mechanism with a replaceable ion-selective membrane (ISM) to modulate charge interactions at the AlGaN/GaN interface. Electrical and potentiometric responses were evaluated for both stock and commercial formulations, revealing that WGHEMT performance is highly dependent on herbicide concentrations. Paraquat consistently demonstrated the highest sensitivity due to its dicationic structure, while commercial glyphosate showed enhanced performance, attributed to improved ionic mobility from surfactants. Current sensitivity reached up to 761.029 µA/mg L−1 for commercial paraquat with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.96173). The WGHEMT exhibited strong stability and repeatability, with drift values under 1 % during time-dependent measurements for all herbicides concentrations. The WGHEMT adopts a modular approach through its interchangeable ISM, allowing flexible detection of various herbicides without requiring structural modifications. These results highlight the WGHEMT sensor's high sensitivity, reliability, and suitability for field-based herbicide monitoring, underscoring the importance of calibrating WGHEMTs with commercial formulations for accurate environmental assessment. Elsevier B.V. 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/1/120918.pdf Firdaus, Amirul and Fauzi, Najihah and Ismail, Shuhadah and Hamzah, Nur Atiqah and Shukor, Rashidah and Kawarada, Hiroshi and Falina, Shaili and Syamsul, Mohd (2025) Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides. Results in Physics, 76. art. no. 108378. pp. 1-12. ISSN 2211-3797 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2211379725002724 10.1016/j.rinp.2025.108378 |
| spellingShingle | Firdaus, Amirul Fauzi, Najihah Ismail, Shuhadah Hamzah, Nur Atiqah Shukor, Rashidah Kawarada, Hiroshi Falina, Shaili Syamsul, Mohd Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title | Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title_full | Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title_fullStr | Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title_short | Ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| title_sort | ion-selective membrane-integrated water-gated algan/gan hemt for high-stability detection of agricultural herbicides |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120918/1/120918.pdf |