Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses)
Morinda citrifolia has garnered significant interest from researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite this interest, research on extracting its beneficial components using green technologies remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effect of two extraction techniques na...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/1/120912.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868244798046208 |
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| author | Abdul Somat, Husna Saipul Anwar, Intan Safura Wan Mustapha, Wan Aida Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina |
| author_facet | Abdul Somat, Husna Saipul Anwar, Intan Safura Wan Mustapha, Wan Aida Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina |
| author_sort | Abdul Somat, Husna |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Morinda citrifolia has garnered significant interest from researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite this interest, research on extracting its beneficial components using green technologies remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effect of two extraction techniques namely subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) on the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of M. citrifolia leaf extracts using response surface methodology (RSM). A three-level factorial central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the effect of three independent variables for each method of UAE (X1: citric acid concentration, X2: extraction time, X3: ultrasonic amplitude) and SWE (X1: operating temperature, X2: extraction time, X3: solid loading) on three dependent variables (Y1: total phenolic content (TPC), Y2: free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Y3: ferric reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP)). The optimum value of TPC and DPPH by UAE are 48.25 mg GAE/g and 22.59% inhibition, respectively, which are lower than the optimal values obtained by SWE method, with respective values of 64.96 mg GAE/g and 80.75% inhibition. However, the FRAP value possessed by UAE was higher compared to SWE, with respective values of 29.63 mg GAE/g and 11.33 mg GAE/g. The results indicate that extraction temperature (p<0.05) was the most significant factor that enhances phenolic yield and antioxidant activity in MC leaves using SWE, while citric acid concentration notably influences UAE extracts the most. The UAE demonstrated higher process efficiency compared to SWE. However, due to the use of samples with significantly different sizes in the evaluation, further analysis is needed to make a definitive comparison of process efficiency between the two methods. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120912 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:49:19Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1209122025-10-15T06:54:18Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/ Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) Abdul Somat, Husna Saipul Anwar, Intan Safura Wan Mustapha, Wan Aida Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina Morinda citrifolia has garnered significant interest from researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite this interest, research on extracting its beneficial components using green technologies remains limited. This study aims to investigate the effect of two extraction techniques namely subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) on the total phenolics content and antioxidant activity of M. citrifolia leaf extracts using response surface methodology (RSM). A three-level factorial central composite design (CCD) was applied to determine the effect of three independent variables for each method of UAE (X1: citric acid concentration, X2: extraction time, X3: ultrasonic amplitude) and SWE (X1: operating temperature, X2: extraction time, X3: solid loading) on three dependent variables (Y1: total phenolic content (TPC), Y2: free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Y3: ferric reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP)). The optimum value of TPC and DPPH by UAE are 48.25 mg GAE/g and 22.59% inhibition, respectively, which are lower than the optimal values obtained by SWE method, with respective values of 64.96 mg GAE/g and 80.75% inhibition. However, the FRAP value possessed by UAE was higher compared to SWE, with respective values of 29.63 mg GAE/g and 11.33 mg GAE/g. The results indicate that extraction temperature (p<0.05) was the most significant factor that enhances phenolic yield and antioxidant activity in MC leaves using SWE, while citric acid concentration notably influences UAE extracts the most. The UAE demonstrated higher process efficiency compared to SWE. However, due to the use of samples with significantly different sizes in the evaluation, further analysis is needed to make a definitive comparison of process efficiency between the two methods. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/1/120912.pdf Abdul Somat, Husna and Saipul Anwar, Intan Safura and Wan Mustapha, Wan Aida and Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina (2025) Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses). Sains Malaysiana, 54 (4). pp. 1113-1126. ISSN 0126-6039; eISSN: 2735-0118 https://www.ukm.my/jsm/pdf_files/SM-PDF-54-4-2025/12.pdf 10.17576/jsm-2025-5404-12 |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Somat, Husna Saipul Anwar, Intan Safura Wan Mustapha, Wan Aida Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title_full | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title_fullStr | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title_short | Subcritical water extraction (SWE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (Pengekstrakan air subkritikal (SWE) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (UAE) sebatian bioaktif daripada Morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| title_sort | subcritical water extraction (swe) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (uae) of bioactive compounds from morinda citrifolia: comparative evaluation of process efficiency (pengekstrakan air subkritikal (swe) dan pengekstrakan berbantukan ultrasonik (uae) sebatian bioaktif daripada morinda citrifolia: penilaian perbandingan kecekapan proses) |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120912/1/120912.pdf |