From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets
This study aimed to evaluate the composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) and assess their nutrient digestibility in broilers. One hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into two dietary treatment groups. The diets were 90.3% PKC- and DC-based and contain...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/1/120687.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868216990859264 |
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| author | Azizi, Mohammad Naeem Loh, Teck Chwen Chung, Eric Lim Teik Ab Aziz, Muhamad Faris Foo, Hooi Ling Liu, Jiaxiang Aiman Farzana, Zakaria Samuel Raj, Letchumanan |
| author_facet | Azizi, Mohammad Naeem Loh, Teck Chwen Chung, Eric Lim Teik Ab Aziz, Muhamad Faris Foo, Hooi Ling Liu, Jiaxiang Aiman Farzana, Zakaria Samuel Raj, Letchumanan |
| author_sort | Azizi, Mohammad Naeem |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | This study aimed to evaluate the composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) and assess their nutrient digestibility in broilers. One hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into two dietary treatment groups. The diets were 90.3% PKC- and DC-based and contained 0.3% titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analyses System (SAS). Treatment means were compared using a two-sample t-test at a 5% significance level. This study found that PKC had a higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content (18.19%) and lower (p < 0.05) ether extract (EE) content (9.33%) compared to DC (16.47% CP, 11.17% EE). Additionally, DC contained a higher (p < 0.05) ash, crude fiber (CF), and gross energy (GE) content. Both PKC and DC had the highest standard ileal digestibility (SID) for energy (EE), with PKC showing a higher SID (p < 0.05) for CP and EE compared to DC. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were 2079.47 kcal/kg for PKC and 2011 kcal/kg for DC, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between these by-products. Furthermore, glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid (AA) in both PKC (45.12 g/kg) and DC (25.59 g/kg). Additionally, PKC had higher (p < 0.05) SID values for methionine (58.58%) and arginine (64.84%) compared to DC (33.15% and 14.09%), with arginine showing the highest SID in PKC (64.84%) and alanine in DC (46.48%). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120687 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:52Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1206872025-10-08T04:58:28Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/ From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets Azizi, Mohammad Naeem Loh, Teck Chwen Chung, Eric Lim Teik Ab Aziz, Muhamad Faris Foo, Hooi Ling Liu, Jiaxiang Aiman Farzana, Zakaria Samuel Raj, Letchumanan This study aimed to evaluate the composition of palm kernel cake (PKC) and decanter cake (DC) and assess their nutrient digestibility in broilers. One hundred one-day-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into two dietary treatment groups. The diets were 90.3% PKC- and DC-based and contained 0.3% titanium dioxide (TiO2) as an indigestible marker. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analyses System (SAS). Treatment means were compared using a two-sample t-test at a 5% significance level. This study found that PKC had a higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) content (18.19%) and lower (p < 0.05) ether extract (EE) content (9.33%) compared to DC (16.47% CP, 11.17% EE). Additionally, DC contained a higher (p < 0.05) ash, crude fiber (CF), and gross energy (GE) content. Both PKC and DC had the highest standard ileal digestibility (SID) for energy (EE), with PKC showing a higher SID (p < 0.05) for CP and EE compared to DC. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values were 2079.47 kcal/kg for PKC and 2011 kcal/kg for DC, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) between these by-products. Furthermore, glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid (AA) in both PKC (45.12 g/kg) and DC (25.59 g/kg). Additionally, PKC had higher (p < 0.05) SID values for methionine (58.58%) and arginine (64.84%) compared to DC (33.15% and 14.09%), with arginine showing the highest SID in PKC (64.84%) and alanine in DC (46.48%). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/1/120687.pdf Azizi, Mohammad Naeem and Loh, Teck Chwen and Chung, Eric Lim Teik and Ab Aziz, Muhamad Faris and Foo, Hooi Ling and Liu, Jiaxiang and Aiman Farzana, Zakaria and Samuel Raj, Letchumanan (2025) From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets. Animals, 15 (13). art. no. 1966. pp. 1-14. ISSN 2076-2615 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/13/1966 10.3390/ani15131966 |
| spellingShingle | Azizi, Mohammad Naeem Loh, Teck Chwen Chung, Eric Lim Teik Ab Aziz, Muhamad Faris Foo, Hooi Ling Liu, Jiaxiang Aiman Farzana, Zakaria Samuel Raj, Letchumanan From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title | From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title_full | From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title_fullStr | From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title_full_unstemmed | From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title_short | From nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| title_sort | from nutritional profiles to digestibility insights: exploring palm kernel cake and decanter cake in broiler diets |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120687/1/120687.pdf |