Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor
Phenol contamination from industrial effluents poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. The permissible limit for phenol levels in wastewater sets by the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act of 1974 is 1 mg L⁻¹ (Standard B). Therefore, this study produced bamboo activated carbon (BAC) u...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/1/120625.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868212979007488 |
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| author | Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah Ibrahim, Mohamad Faizal Zainal, Nahrul Hayawin Abd-Aziz, Suraini Phang, Lai-Yee |
| author_facet | Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah Ibrahim, Mohamad Faizal Zainal, Nahrul Hayawin Abd-Aziz, Suraini Phang, Lai-Yee |
| author_sort | Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Phenol contamination from industrial effluents poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. The permissible limit for phenol levels in wastewater sets by the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act of 1974 is 1 mg L⁻¹ (Standard B). Therefore, this study produced bamboo activated carbon (BAC) using a pilot-scale of two-in-one carbonization and activation reactor and tested for phenol removal. BAC was carbonized at 500°C for 2 h, followed by physical activation at 800°C for 2 h. The resulting BAC demonstrated a remarkable surface area of 1018 m² g⁻¹, a high microporosity exceeding 80 %, and a minor presence of mesoporosity with a pore diameter of 2.08 nm. These characteristics greatly enhanced phenol removal, with BAC achieving over 90 % removal within 15 min at 0.4 g dosage, whereas commercial BAC reached only 82.4 % at the same dosage after 60 min. Additionally, BAC remained effective across a wide pH range of 2–10. The adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R² = 0.9995, χ² = 0.0049) and multilayer adsorption as per the Freundlich isotherm model (R² = 0.9588, χ² = 0.9119). These results demonstrate the high potential of BAC produced from this reactor for effective phenol removal, with potential applications for other pollutants. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120625 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:49Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1206252025-10-07T03:28:44Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/ Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah Ibrahim, Mohamad Faizal Zainal, Nahrul Hayawin Abd-Aziz, Suraini Phang, Lai-Yee Phenol contamination from industrial effluents poses significant risks to ecosystems and human health. The permissible limit for phenol levels in wastewater sets by the Malaysia Environmental Quality Act of 1974 is 1 mg L⁻¹ (Standard B). Therefore, this study produced bamboo activated carbon (BAC) using a pilot-scale of two-in-one carbonization and activation reactor and tested for phenol removal. BAC was carbonized at 500°C for 2 h, followed by physical activation at 800°C for 2 h. The resulting BAC demonstrated a remarkable surface area of 1018 m² g⁻¹, a high microporosity exceeding 80 %, and a minor presence of mesoporosity with a pore diameter of 2.08 nm. These characteristics greatly enhanced phenol removal, with BAC achieving over 90 % removal within 15 min at 0.4 g dosage, whereas commercial BAC reached only 82.4 % at the same dosage after 60 min. Additionally, BAC remained effective across a wide pH range of 2–10. The adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics (R² = 0.9995, χ² = 0.0049) and multilayer adsorption as per the Freundlich isotherm model (R² = 0.9588, χ² = 0.9119). These results demonstrate the high potential of BAC produced from this reactor for effective phenol removal, with potential applications for other pollutants. Elsevier 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/1/120625.pdf Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah and Ibrahim, Mohamad Faizal and Zainal, Nahrul Hayawin and Abd-Aziz, Suraini and Phang, Lai-Yee (2025) Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 40. art. no. 104427. pp. 1-20. ISSN 2352-1864 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2352186425004134 10.1016/j.eti.2025.104427 |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Fairus, Mariam Jamilah Ibrahim, Mohamad Faizal Zainal, Nahrul Hayawin Abd-Aziz, Suraini Phang, Lai-Yee Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title | Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title_full | Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title_fullStr | Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title_short | Phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| title_sort | phenol adsorption performance by bamboo activated carbon produced using fabricated two-in-one carbonization activation pilot reactor |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120625/1/120625.pdf |