Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms
The development of Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FWMAVs) has gained significant attention due to their potential for energy-efficient, lightweight, and highly maneuverable flight inspired by nature. This study presents innovative designs and adaptive control strategies for insect-scale FWMAVs...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Research
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/1/120367.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868170283089920 |
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| author | Singh, Spoorthi Jain, Meet Hitesh Kaushal, Kanishk Zuber, Mohammad Basri, Ernnie Illyani Ahmad, Kamarul Arifin Dol, Sharul Sham Nair, Vishnu G. |
| author_facet | Singh, Spoorthi Jain, Meet Hitesh Kaushal, Kanishk Zuber, Mohammad Basri, Ernnie Illyani Ahmad, Kamarul Arifin Dol, Sharul Sham Nair, Vishnu G. |
| author_sort | Singh, Spoorthi |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The development of Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FWMAVs) has gained significant attention due to their potential for energy-efficient, lightweight, and highly maneuverable flight inspired by nature. This study presents innovative designs and adaptive control strategies for insect-scale FWMAVs, utilizing compact button vibrator motors as actuators for wing flapping. These actuators offer advantages in size, weight, and power efficiency but pose challenges in achieving continuous and controlled motion due to mechanical, control, and durability constraints. The research explores multiple lever alignment configurations using simplified crank-slider mechanisms, driven by single and dual coreless DC motors powered by a 1–3.7 V DC supply. Detailed modeling in SIMSCAPE Multibody and structural movement analysis using Compmech GIM software facilitate the evaluation of variations in flapping frequency, velocity, and acceleration. Advanced control strategies, including Self-Regulatory Fractional Fuzzy Control (SRFFC) and Fractional PID (FPID), are assessed under simulated and real-world conditions to mitigate external disturbances. Additionally, an AI-based disturbance observer is implemented to enhance stability and optimize power efficiency by compensating for environmental disturbances. Performance metrics such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and integral absolute error (IAE) demonstrate the superior efficiency and disturbance rejection capabilities of SRFFC compared to FPID. Experimental validation and real-time assessments of maneuvering capabilities, including leftward, rightward, and forward movements, further substantiate the proposed strategies. This study underscores the potential of SRFFC-driven designs and modular motor configurations to enhance the performance, control, and applicability of FWMAVs for advanced micro-aerial systems. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-120367 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:48:08Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Nature Research |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1203672025-10-01T01:45:04Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/ Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms Singh, Spoorthi Jain, Meet Hitesh Kaushal, Kanishk Zuber, Mohammad Basri, Ernnie Illyani Ahmad, Kamarul Arifin Dol, Sharul Sham Nair, Vishnu G. The development of Flapping Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles (FWMAVs) has gained significant attention due to their potential for energy-efficient, lightweight, and highly maneuverable flight inspired by nature. This study presents innovative designs and adaptive control strategies for insect-scale FWMAVs, utilizing compact button vibrator motors as actuators for wing flapping. These actuators offer advantages in size, weight, and power efficiency but pose challenges in achieving continuous and controlled motion due to mechanical, control, and durability constraints. The research explores multiple lever alignment configurations using simplified crank-slider mechanisms, driven by single and dual coreless DC motors powered by a 1–3.7 V DC supply. Detailed modeling in SIMSCAPE Multibody and structural movement analysis using Compmech GIM software facilitate the evaluation of variations in flapping frequency, velocity, and acceleration. Advanced control strategies, including Self-Regulatory Fractional Fuzzy Control (SRFFC) and Fractional PID (FPID), are assessed under simulated and real-world conditions to mitigate external disturbances. Additionally, an AI-based disturbance observer is implemented to enhance stability and optimize power efficiency by compensating for environmental disturbances. Performance metrics such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and integral absolute error (IAE) demonstrate the superior efficiency and disturbance rejection capabilities of SRFFC compared to FPID. Experimental validation and real-time assessments of maneuvering capabilities, including leftward, rightward, and forward movements, further substantiate the proposed strategies. This study underscores the potential of SRFFC-driven designs and modular motor configurations to enhance the performance, control, and applicability of FWMAVs for advanced micro-aerial systems. Nature Research 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/1/120367.pdf Singh, Spoorthi and Jain, Meet Hitesh and Kaushal, Kanishk and Zuber, Mohammad and Basri, Ernnie Illyani and Ahmad, Kamarul Arifin and Dol, Sharul Sham and Nair, Vishnu G. (2025) Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms. Scientific Reports, 15 (1). art. no. 28626. pp. 1-29. ISSN 2045-2322 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-13834-2?error=cookies_not_supported&code=e976fa5c-edea-44f8-96d6-7b909a462f5f 10.1038/s41598-025-13834-2 |
| spellingShingle | Singh, Spoorthi Jain, Meet Hitesh Kaushal, Kanishk Zuber, Mohammad Basri, Ernnie Illyani Ahmad, Kamarul Arifin Dol, Sharul Sham Nair, Vishnu G. Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title | Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title_full | Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title_fullStr | Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title_short | Adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing MAV mechanisms |
| title_sort | adaptive control strategies for button motor actuated insect scale flapping wing mav mechanisms |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/120367/1/120367.pdf |