Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification
Fossil fuel dependency in the transport sector presents urgent sustainability and climate concerns. Biodiesel offers a renewable alternative, especially when derived from waste-based feedstocks. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of producing biodiesel from dairy waste scum oil (DW...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer Science and Business Media
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/1/119678.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848868035905978368 |
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| author | Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah Muhammad, Ayoub Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah Rashidi, Nor Adilla Agustian, Joni Borhan, Azry Aqsha, Aqsha Farrukh, Sarah |
| author_facet | Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah Muhammad, Ayoub Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah Rashidi, Nor Adilla Agustian, Joni Borhan, Azry Aqsha, Aqsha Farrukh, Sarah |
| author_sort | Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Fossil fuel dependency in the transport sector presents urgent sustainability and climate concerns. Biodiesel offers a renewable alternative, especially when derived from waste-based feedstocks. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of producing biodiesel from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave-assisted transesterification, using experimentally optimized lab-scale conditions (65℃, 15 min, 3 wt. % Li-ECaO catalyst, 16:1 methanol-to-oil ratio). The process achieved a biodiesel yield of 75.4 wt. %, with 77% methanol and 95% catalyst recovery. These values were scaled to an annual production of 1.20 million kg of biodiesel and 126,540 kg of crude glycerol. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) was estimated at $3.69 million (RM 17.35 million), and annual operating expenditure (OPEX) at $0.36 million (RM 1.70 million). At a biodiesel price of $0.43/kg (RM 2.04/kg), the model yielded $0.52 million (RM 2.45 million) in annual revenue, with a net present value (NPV) of $3.58 million (RM 16.84 million), a payback period of 7.65 years, and a return on investment (ROI) of 6.47%. Sensitivity analysis was performed on five critical parameters: biodiesel price ($0.38–0.53/kg; RM 1.80–2.50/kg), methanol recovery (60–90%), catalyst reuse cycles (5–20), feedstock cost ($0.00–0.064/kg; RM 0.00–0.30/kg), and operating time (6000–8400 h/year). Variations in these inputs shifted NPV from $0.49 to $6.74 million (RM 2.30–RM 31.70 million), and the payback period (PBP) from 4.5 to 12.6 years. Enhancing methanol recovery and extending catalyst reuse increased NPV to $4.02 million (RM 18.90 million), demonstrating the system’s economic resilience and scalability for decentralized waste-to-energy applications. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:46:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-119678 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:46:00Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Springer Science and Business Media |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1196782025-09-08T01:16:32Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/ Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah Muhammad, Ayoub Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah Rashidi, Nor Adilla Agustian, Joni Borhan, Azry Aqsha, Aqsha Farrukh, Sarah Fossil fuel dependency in the transport sector presents urgent sustainability and climate concerns. Biodiesel offers a renewable alternative, especially when derived from waste-based feedstocks. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of producing biodiesel from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave-assisted transesterification, using experimentally optimized lab-scale conditions (65℃, 15 min, 3 wt. % Li-ECaO catalyst, 16:1 methanol-to-oil ratio). The process achieved a biodiesel yield of 75.4 wt. %, with 77% methanol and 95% catalyst recovery. These values were scaled to an annual production of 1.20 million kg of biodiesel and 126,540 kg of crude glycerol. Capital expenditure (CAPEX) was estimated at $3.69 million (RM 17.35 million), and annual operating expenditure (OPEX) at $0.36 million (RM 1.70 million). At a biodiesel price of $0.43/kg (RM 2.04/kg), the model yielded $0.52 million (RM 2.45 million) in annual revenue, with a net present value (NPV) of $3.58 million (RM 16.84 million), a payback period of 7.65 years, and a return on investment (ROI) of 6.47%. Sensitivity analysis was performed on five critical parameters: biodiesel price ($0.38–0.53/kg; RM 1.80–2.50/kg), methanol recovery (60–90%), catalyst reuse cycles (5–20), feedstock cost ($0.00–0.064/kg; RM 0.00–0.30/kg), and operating time (6000–8400 h/year). Variations in these inputs shifted NPV from $0.49 to $6.74 million (RM 2.30–RM 31.70 million), and the payback period (PBP) from 4.5 to 12.6 years. Enhancing methanol recovery and extending catalyst reuse increased NPV to $4.02 million (RM 18.90 million), demonstrating the system’s economic resilience and scalability for decentralized waste-to-energy applications. Springer Science and Business Media 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/1/119678.pdf Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah and Muhammad, Ayoub and Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah and Rashidi, Nor Adilla and Agustian, Joni and Borhan, Azry and Aqsha, Aqsha and Farrukh, Sarah (2025) Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification. Waste and Biomass Valorization. pp. 1-14. ISSN 1877-2641; eISSN: 1877-265X https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12649-025-03184-5 10.1007/s12649-025-03184-5 |
| spellingShingle | Mohd Johari, Siti Aminah Muhammad, Ayoub Ahmad Farid, Mohammed Abdillah Rashidi, Nor Adilla Agustian, Joni Borhan, Azry Aqsha, Aqsha Farrukh, Sarah Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title | Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title_full | Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title_fullStr | Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title_full_unstemmed | Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title_short | Techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (DWSO) via microwave heating transesterification |
| title_sort | techno-economic analysis of biodiesel production from dairy waste scum oil (dwso) via microwave heating transesterification |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119678/1/119678.pdf |