Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process
The attractive characteristics of subcritical water (SubCW) lie in its ability to extract and hydrolyze bioactive compounds from natural matrices. These properties allow water to act as an efficient solvent with a short extraction time. This paper aims to study the effect of SubCW temperature on whe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Tamkang University
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/1/119215.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848867905616216064 |
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| author | Daud, Nor Shazwani Sabli, Nordin Yoshida, Hiroyuki Izhar, Shamsul |
| author_facet | Daud, Nor Shazwani Sabli, Nordin Yoshida, Hiroyuki Izhar, Shamsul |
| author_sort | Daud, Nor Shazwani |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The attractive characteristics of subcritical water (SubCW) lie in its ability to extract and hydrolyze bioactive compounds from natural matrices. These properties allow water to act as an efficient solvent with a short extraction time. This paper aims to study the effect of SubCW temperature on wheat germ protein extraction for application in the coagulation of the water treatment process. Concerning coagulation performance, a mass-to-water ratio and extraction time are other factors studied, besides the SubCW temperature. Wheat germ (WG) is an excellent source of plant-based protein that is suitable as a biocoagulant for substituting the widely used chemical coagulants. Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at a SubCW temperature between 100 and 170◦C with a solid-to-water ratio (s/w) of 0.5:25–2:25 and an extraction time of 5–30 min. The extracts obtained after the SubCW process contained a distinctive amount of protein, which was then used as a coagulant extract solution in the coagulation process. The highest total protein yield was 22.93 g/100 g-WG, obtained at 160◦C, which corresponds to protein extraction of 82.8%. The lowest turbidity, 48.9 NTU, was achieved at 120◦C in SubCW extracts, which resulted in a 98.8% turbidity reduction. From the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), it was observed that proteins with a molecular weight less than 117 kDa exhibit superior coagulation activity. Consequently, wheat germ protein was efficiently extracted by SubCW and can be used as a promising bio-coagulant alternative in waste treatment facilities. © The Author(’s). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:43:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-119215 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:43:55Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Tamkang University |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1192152025-08-11T00:57:59Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/ Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process Daud, Nor Shazwani Sabli, Nordin Yoshida, Hiroyuki Izhar, Shamsul The attractive characteristics of subcritical water (SubCW) lie in its ability to extract and hydrolyze bioactive compounds from natural matrices. These properties allow water to act as an efficient solvent with a short extraction time. This paper aims to study the effect of SubCW temperature on wheat germ protein extraction for application in the coagulation of the water treatment process. Concerning coagulation performance, a mass-to-water ratio and extraction time are other factors studied, besides the SubCW temperature. Wheat germ (WG) is an excellent source of plant-based protein that is suitable as a biocoagulant for substituting the widely used chemical coagulants. Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at a SubCW temperature between 100 and 170◦C with a solid-to-water ratio (s/w) of 0.5:25–2:25 and an extraction time of 5–30 min. The extracts obtained after the SubCW process contained a distinctive amount of protein, which was then used as a coagulant extract solution in the coagulation process. The highest total protein yield was 22.93 g/100 g-WG, obtained at 160◦C, which corresponds to protein extraction of 82.8%. The lowest turbidity, 48.9 NTU, was achieved at 120◦C in SubCW extracts, which resulted in a 98.8% turbidity reduction. From the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), it was observed that proteins with a molecular weight less than 117 kDa exhibit superior coagulation activity. Consequently, wheat germ protein was efficiently extracted by SubCW and can be used as a promising bio-coagulant alternative in waste treatment facilities. © The Author(’s). Tamkang University 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/1/119215.pdf Daud, Nor Shazwani and Sabli, Nordin and Yoshida, Hiroyuki and Izhar, Shamsul (2025) Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process. Journal of Applied Science and Engineering, 28 (1). pp. 205-213. ISSN 2708-9967 http://jase.tku.edu.tw/articles/jase-202501-28-01-0020 10.6180/jase.202501_28(1).0020 |
| spellingShingle | Daud, Nor Shazwani Sabli, Nordin Yoshida, Hiroyuki Izhar, Shamsul Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title | Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title_full | Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title_fullStr | Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title_short | Wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| title_sort | wheat germ protein extraction via subcritical water for water treatment process |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/119215/1/119215.pdf |