Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water
An electrochemically active and promising binary composite that is made up of titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and rGO is developed to simultaneously detect the Cd2+ and Cu2+, in water. XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, elemental mapping, and EDX analysis affirmed the successful formation of the Ti3C2Tx-r...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/1/118740.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848867774195040256 |
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| author | Mohanadas, Dharshini Rohani, Rosiah Abdul Rahman, Siti Fatimah Mahmoudi, Ebrahim Sulaiman, Yusran |
| author_facet | Mohanadas, Dharshini Rohani, Rosiah Abdul Rahman, Siti Fatimah Mahmoudi, Ebrahim Sulaiman, Yusran |
| author_sort | Mohanadas, Dharshini |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | An electrochemically active and promising binary composite that is made up of titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and rGO is developed to simultaneously detect the Cd2+ and Cu2+, in water. XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, elemental mapping, and EDX analysis affirmed the successful formation of the Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite. The produced Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode exhibited a homogeneous rGO sheet covering the Ti3C2Tx MXene plates with all the detailed Ti2p, C1s, and O1s XPS peaks. The high-performance Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite was successfully tested for the Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), altering the pH, concentration, and the real water sample’s quality. The electrochemical performances revealed that the proposed Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite depicted excellent detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) for both Cd2+ (LOD = 0.31 nM, LOQ = 1.02 nM) and Cu2+ (LOD = 0.18 nM, LOQ = 0.62 nM) ions, where the result is highly comparable with the reported literature. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO was proven highly sensitive towards Cd2+ (0.345 μMμA−1) and Cu2+ (0.575 μMμA−1) with great repeatability and reproducibility properties. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode also exhibited excellent stability over four weeks with a retention of 97.86% and 98.01% for Cd2+ and Cu2+, respectively. This simple modification of Ti3C2Tx with rGO can potentially be advantageous in the development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:38:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-118740 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:38:52Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1187402025-07-23T03:14:40Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/ Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water Mohanadas, Dharshini Rohani, Rosiah Abdul Rahman, Siti Fatimah Mahmoudi, Ebrahim Sulaiman, Yusran An electrochemically active and promising binary composite that is made up of titanium-based MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and rGO is developed to simultaneously detect the Cd2+ and Cu2+, in water. XRD, FTIR, Raman, XPS, FESEM, elemental mapping, and EDX analysis affirmed the successful formation of the Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite. The produced Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode exhibited a homogeneous rGO sheet covering the Ti3C2Tx MXene plates with all the detailed Ti2p, C1s, and O1s XPS peaks. The high-performance Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite was successfully tested for the Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), altering the pH, concentration, and the real water sample’s quality. The electrochemical performances revealed that the proposed Ti3C2Tx-rGO composite depicted excellent detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) for both Cd2+ (LOD = 0.31 nM, LOQ = 1.02 nM) and Cu2+ (LOD = 0.18 nM, LOQ = 0.62 nM) ions, where the result is highly comparable with the reported literature. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO was proven highly sensitive towards Cd2+ (0.345 μMμA−1) and Cu2+ (0.575 μMμA−1) with great repeatability and reproducibility properties. The Ti3C2Tx-rGO electrode also exhibited excellent stability over four weeks with a retention of 97.86% and 98.01% for Cd2+ and Cu2+, respectively. This simple modification of Ti3C2Tx with rGO can potentially be advantageous in the development of highly sensitive electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous detection of heavy metal ions. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/1/118740.pdf Mohanadas, Dharshini and Rohani, Rosiah and Abdul Rahman, Siti Fatimah and Mahmoudi, Ebrahim and Sulaiman, Yusran (2025) Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water. Journal of Composites Science, 9 (5). art. no. 232. pp. 1-18. ISSN 2504-477X https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/5/232 10.3390/jcs9050232 |
| spellingShingle | Mohanadas, Dharshini Rohani, Rosiah Abdul Rahman, Siti Fatimah Mahmoudi, Ebrahim Sulaiman, Yusran Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title | Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title_full | Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title_fullStr | Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title_full_unstemmed | Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title_short | Highly sensitive titanium-based MXene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| title_sort | highly sensitive titanium-based mxene-reduced graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical detection of cadmium and copper ions in water |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118740/1/118740.pdf |