Dipole antenna measurement on vegetable oils at 1 – 4 GHZ by using FEM, MoM, and FIT methods
A comparative study on the performance of computational electromagnetic methods (CEMs), namely finite integration technique (FIT) and finite element method (FEM) via their corresponding electromagnetic software and moment method (MoM) using RWG basis function via MATLAB, has been conducted for di...
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| Format: | Thesis |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2021
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118235/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/118235/1/118235.pdf |
| Summary: | A comparative study on the performance of computational electromagnetic methods
(CEMs), namely finite integration technique (FIT) and finite element method (FEM) via
their corresponding electromagnetic software and moment method (MoM) using RWG
basis function via MATLAB, has been conducted for dipole antenna measurement of
vegetable oils (palm oil, olive oil, and canola oil). These methods are widely used in the
field of CEMs with several advantages and disadvantages in finding the same goal. There
are many interests in understanding vegetable oil, one of it is to identify types of vegetable
oil in order to avoid adulteration to generate profits. However, past research in identifying
types of vegetable oil are too expensive, requiring laboratory assistant, or limited to its
cavity size such as cavity resonators. This study proposed a dipole antenna to measure the
reflection coefficient (S11) of vegetable oils. For this purpose, the antenna was fabricated
using copper wire as a prototype to conduct measurements on air, water, and vegetable oils
using Anritsu VNAMaster and simulation using CEMs. Next, the simulations were
compared with the measurements with respect to the S11 at a frequency range of 1–4 GHz
for air, water, and vegetable oils. The permittivity values were gathered for vegetable oils
indicated distinctive values of dielectric constant at 1.4–2 GHz for palm oil, olive oil, and
canola oil. The theoretical values for FEM, MoM, and FIT methods were analysed and
compared to choose the best setting for vegetable oil simulation. The effect on S11 for
different meshes, dipole heights, and dipole lengths was presented in this study to
determine the best method, this study also considered accuracy, memory usage, versatility,
and execution time. The frequency ranges of 1.6–1.8 GHz and 2.5–3.5 GHz were chosen
to further analyse vegetable oils. At these frequency ranges, vegetable oil can be
distinguished from one another from the measurement of S11. It is further validated by
ANOVA analysis and suggested that frequency range 3.3 – 3.5GHz provide the best range
to identify types of vegetable oil. Feature selective validation (FSV) was employed to test
the relationship of accuracy between simulated and measurement results. Overall assessments were analysed for a placed on the IEEE's interpretation scale. It was found
that FEM showed a fairly good relationship between measured and simulated results of
air, palm oil, canola oil, and olive oil with GDM values of 0.5791, 0.2986, 0.5446, and
0.2820, respectively, and mean relative errors of 0.0551, 0.1630, 0.0381, and 0.1050,
respectively, for the frequency range of 1.6–1.8 GHz. FEM also showed a good
relationship between measured and simulated results of air, palm oil, canola oil, and olive
oil with GDM values of 0.2258, 0.2755, 0.3986, and 0.3169, respectively, and least mean
relative errors of 0.0397, 0.0800, 0.0581, and 0.0833, respectively, for the frequency range
of 2.5–3.5 GHz. Overall, this study determined that FEM offers the best fitting between
measured and calculated results. However, the FIT method followed closely with FEM
results, which provides better execution time and memory usage. |
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