Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study
Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 patients has recently garnered interest. This is likely due to the elderly population who are most commonly affected by COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the association of vitamin D levels with the clinico-demographical and laborato...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Universiti Putra Malaysia
2024
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/1/117843.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848867358095966208 |
|---|---|
| author | Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah Wan Ghazali, Wan Syamimee Shahril, Shuhaila Bidin, Jasrina Kah, Keng Wong Bidin, Mohammad Zulkarnain |
| author_facet | Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah Wan Ghazali, Wan Syamimee Shahril, Shuhaila Bidin, Jasrina Kah, Keng Wong Bidin, Mohammad Zulkarnain |
| author_sort | Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 patients has recently garnered interest. This is likely due to the elderly population who are most commonly affected by COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the association of vitamin D levels with the clinico-demographical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 patients. Methods: We recruited 77 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Hospital Pengajar Universiti Putra Malaysia (HPUPM) from January 2022 until February 2023. Their clinico-demographic data were retrieved, and serum vitamin D and C-reactive protein (CRP) immunoassays were conducted. The vitamin D levels of each patient were categorized as normal (≥50 nmol/L) or low (<50 nmol/L). Statistical comparisons of the patients’ clinico-demographic parameters with vitamin D levels were conducted. Results: In univariable analysis of categorical variables, significantly higher proportion of female COVID-19 patients presented with low serum vitamin D levels compared with male COVID-19 patients (p=0.045; 85.3% vs 65.1%). Pertaining to continuous variables, younger COVID-19 patients demonstrated significantly higher prevalence of low vitamin D levels (p=0.040; 45.58 vs 54.90 years old). COVID-19 patients with lower CRP levels also demonstrated significantly higher proportion of low vitamin D levels (p=0.046; 35.70 vs 60.92 mg/dl). These three parameters (i.e. gender, age, and CRP levels) were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine which factor(s) remained significantly associated with low vitamin D levels. All three parameters did not show significance in the multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Absence of statistical significance in the multivariable analysis indicates that the individual associations between age, gender, and CRP levels with low vitamin D levels are not independent of each other. These suggest underlying interactions between these factors that influence their relationships with vitamin D levels, and further studies are required to clarify such interactions in COVID-19 patients. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:35:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-117843 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:35:13Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1178432025-06-13T01:00:19Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/ Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah Wan Ghazali, Wan Syamimee Shahril, Shuhaila Bidin, Jasrina Kah, Keng Wong Bidin, Mohammad Zulkarnain Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency associated with COVID-19 patients has recently garnered interest. This is likely due to the elderly population who are most commonly affected by COVID-19. In this study, we investigated the association of vitamin D levels with the clinico-demographical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 patients. Methods: We recruited 77 COVID-19 patients who were admitted to Hospital Pengajar Universiti Putra Malaysia (HPUPM) from January 2022 until February 2023. Their clinico-demographic data were retrieved, and serum vitamin D and C-reactive protein (CRP) immunoassays were conducted. The vitamin D levels of each patient were categorized as normal (≥50 nmol/L) or low (<50 nmol/L). Statistical comparisons of the patients’ clinico-demographic parameters with vitamin D levels were conducted. Results: In univariable analysis of categorical variables, significantly higher proportion of female COVID-19 patients presented with low serum vitamin D levels compared with male COVID-19 patients (p=0.045; 85.3% vs 65.1%). Pertaining to continuous variables, younger COVID-19 patients demonstrated significantly higher prevalence of low vitamin D levels (p=0.040; 45.58 vs 54.90 years old). COVID-19 patients with lower CRP levels also demonstrated significantly higher proportion of low vitamin D levels (p=0.046; 35.70 vs 60.92 mg/dl). These three parameters (i.e. gender, age, and CRP levels) were included in the multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine which factor(s) remained significantly associated with low vitamin D levels. All three parameters did not show significance in the multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Absence of statistical significance in the multivariable analysis indicates that the individual associations between age, gender, and CRP levels with low vitamin D levels are not independent of each other. These suggest underlying interactions between these factors that influence their relationships with vitamin D levels, and further studies are required to clarify such interactions in COVID-19 patients. Universiti Putra Malaysia 2024 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/1/117843.pdf Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah and Wan Ghazali, Wan Syamimee and Shahril, Shuhaila and Bidin, Jasrina and Kah, Keng Wong and Bidin, Mohammad Zulkarnain (2024) Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 20 (3). pp. 22-29. ISSN 1675-8544; eISSN: 2636-9346 https://medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2024052916121703_MJMHS_0594.pdf |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad Sallehuddin, Hakimah Wan Ghazali, Wan Syamimee Shahril, Shuhaila Bidin, Jasrina Kah, Keng Wong Bidin, Mohammad Zulkarnain Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title | Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Association between low vitamin D levels and key characteristics of COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | association between low vitamin d levels and key characteristics of covid-19 patients: a retrospective cross-sectional study |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/117843/1/117843.pdf |