Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers
Background Malay herbal medicine (MHM) is a popular medication and supplementation among Malaysian mothers during pregnancy and postpartum. It is expected to improve the baby’s health, increase breastmilk production, promote slimming and uterine involution, and improve the mother’s general health. R...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2024
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/1/116885.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848867111338770432 |
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| author | Bustami, Normina Ahmad Tan, Chung Keat Lee, Yu Zhao Zaman, Rahela Ho, Yu Bin Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Sadat, Marjan Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing |
| author_facet | Bustami, Normina Ahmad Tan, Chung Keat Lee, Yu Zhao Zaman, Rahela Ho, Yu Bin Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Sadat, Marjan Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing |
| author_sort | Bustami, Normina Ahmad |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background Malay herbal medicine (MHM) is a popular medication and supplementation among Malaysian mothers during pregnancy and postpartum. It is expected to improve the baby’s health, increase breastmilk production, promote slimming and uterine involution, and improve the mother’s general health. Recent increases in reports of heavy metal contamination have raised safety concerns. Objective This pilot exploratory study employed a comparative cross-sectional design to investigate the types of MHM ingested during pregnancy and postpartum, their possible heavy metal contamination and associated health risks. Method This study involved 167 healthy postpartum Malay women. Findings MHM consumption was signifcantly associated with the mother’s number of pregnancies and children (p<0.05) as well as her pre-pregnancy weight (p<0.05). Mothers who consume MHM were twice as likely (95% CI 1.077–3.963) to experience threatened abortion. Heavy metals were detected in the three most widely consumed MHM samples. The mean concentration of heavy metals in these samples were 47.44 ±67.74 μg/kg for As, 25.34±2.48 μg/kg for Cd, 3685.87±5683.36 μg/kg for Cr and 194.33±195.19 μg/kg for Pb. The calculated non-carcinogenic hazard health risks (HQ) and health index (HI) were less than one, suggesting no adverse health impacts under the exposure conditions studied. Conclusion While the HQ and HI values indicate no immediate health risks, the potential transfer from mother to foetus during pregnancy and from mother to infant during breastfeeding warrants further investigation. Additional studies are essential to confrm our fndings and monitor the health of mothers and infants. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:31:18Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-116885 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:31:18Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Springer |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1168852025-04-17T04:01:52Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/ Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers Bustami, Normina Ahmad Tan, Chung Keat Lee, Yu Zhao Zaman, Rahela Ho, Yu Bin Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Sadat, Marjan Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing Background Malay herbal medicine (MHM) is a popular medication and supplementation among Malaysian mothers during pregnancy and postpartum. It is expected to improve the baby’s health, increase breastmilk production, promote slimming and uterine involution, and improve the mother’s general health. Recent increases in reports of heavy metal contamination have raised safety concerns. Objective This pilot exploratory study employed a comparative cross-sectional design to investigate the types of MHM ingested during pregnancy and postpartum, their possible heavy metal contamination and associated health risks. Method This study involved 167 healthy postpartum Malay women. Findings MHM consumption was signifcantly associated with the mother’s number of pregnancies and children (p<0.05) as well as her pre-pregnancy weight (p<0.05). Mothers who consume MHM were twice as likely (95% CI 1.077–3.963) to experience threatened abortion. Heavy metals were detected in the three most widely consumed MHM samples. The mean concentration of heavy metals in these samples were 47.44 ±67.74 μg/kg for As, 25.34±2.48 μg/kg for Cd, 3685.87±5683.36 μg/kg for Cr and 194.33±195.19 μg/kg for Pb. The calculated non-carcinogenic hazard health risks (HQ) and health index (HI) were less than one, suggesting no adverse health impacts under the exposure conditions studied. Conclusion While the HQ and HI values indicate no immediate health risks, the potential transfer from mother to foetus during pregnancy and from mother to infant during breastfeeding warrants further investigation. Additional studies are essential to confrm our fndings and monitor the health of mothers and infants. Springer 2024-09-17 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/1/116885.pdf Bustami, Normina Ahmad and Tan, Chung Keat and Lee, Yu Zhao and Zaman, Rahela and Ho, Yu Bin and Aris, Ahmad Zaharin and Sadat, Marjan and Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing (2024) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers. Discover public health, 21. art. no. 87. pp. 1-12. ISSN 3005-0774 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12982-024-00214-w? 10.1186/s12982-024-00214-w |
| spellingShingle | Bustami, Normina Ahmad Tan, Chung Keat Lee, Yu Zhao Zaman, Rahela Ho, Yu Bin Aris, Ahmad Zaharin Sadat, Marjan Tan, Eugenie Sin Sing Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title | Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title_full | Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title_fullStr | Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title_short | Health risk assessment of heavy metals in Malay herbal medicine (MHM) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| title_sort | health risk assessment of heavy metals in malay herbal medicine (mhm) consumed by pregnant and postpartum mothers |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116885/1/116885.pdf |