Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children
The objective of this article is to study the influence of exposure and socio-economic variables on the blood lead level of Malaysian school children. Data on respirable lead and blood lead of 346 school children were obtained from Kuala Lumpur (urban), Kemaman (semiurban) and Setiu (rural). Respira...
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| Format: | Article |
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2000
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116535/ |
| _version_ | 1848867028176207872 |
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| author | Hashim, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Zailina Omar, Ariffin Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari |
| author_facet | Hashim, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Zailina Omar, Ariffin Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari |
| author_sort | Hashim, Jamal Hisham |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The objective of this article is to study the influence of exposure and socio-economic variables on the blood lead level of Malaysian school children. Data on respirable lead and blood lead of 346 school children were obtained from Kuala Lumpur (urban), Kemaman (semiurban) and Setiu (rural). Respirable lead and blood lead were highest for Kuala Lumpur (95 ng/m3 and 5.26 μg/dL) followed by Kemaman (27 ng/m3 and 2.81μg/dL) and Setiu (15 ng/m3 and 2.49 μg/dL), and the differences were statistically significant. The percentage of school children with excessive blood lead of 10 Hg/dL or greater was 636 % overall, and highest for Kuala Lumpur (11.73 %). Regression analyses show that urban children are at higher risk of exhibiting excessive blood lead levels. Kuala Lumpur's school children have a 25 times greater risk of having excessive blood lead levels when compared to Kemaman's and Setiu's school children. Respirable and blood lead were correlated (r=0.999, p=0.021). Urban school children acquire higher blood lead levels than their rural and semi-urban counterparts, even after controlling for age, sex, parents' education and income levels. In conclusion, it is time that lead in the Malaysian environment and population be monitored closely, especially its temporal and spatial variability. Only then can a comprehensive preventive strategy be implemented. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:29:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-116535 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:29:59Z |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1165352025-04-10T06:43:53Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116535/ Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children Hashim, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Zailina Omar, Ariffin Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari The objective of this article is to study the influence of exposure and socio-economic variables on the blood lead level of Malaysian school children. Data on respirable lead and blood lead of 346 school children were obtained from Kuala Lumpur (urban), Kemaman (semiurban) and Setiu (rural). Respirable lead and blood lead were highest for Kuala Lumpur (95 ng/m3 and 5.26 μg/dL) followed by Kemaman (27 ng/m3 and 2.81μg/dL) and Setiu (15 ng/m3 and 2.49 μg/dL), and the differences were statistically significant. The percentage of school children with excessive blood lead of 10 Hg/dL or greater was 636 % overall, and highest for Kuala Lumpur (11.73 %). Regression analyses show that urban children are at higher risk of exhibiting excessive blood lead levels. Kuala Lumpur's school children have a 25 times greater risk of having excessive blood lead levels when compared to Kemaman's and Setiu's school children. Respirable and blood lead were correlated (r=0.999, p=0.021). Urban school children acquire higher blood lead levels than their rural and semi-urban counterparts, even after controlling for age, sex, parents' education and income levels. In conclusion, it is time that lead in the Malaysian environment and population be monitored closely, especially its temporal and spatial variability. Only then can a comprehensive preventive strategy be implemented. 2000 Article PeerReviewed Hashim, Jamal Hisham and Hashim, Zailina and Omar, Ariffin and Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari (2000) Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 12 (2). pp. 65-70. ISSN 1010-5395; eISSN: 1010-5395 https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/101053950001200203 10.1177/101053950001200203 |
| spellingShingle | Hashim, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Zailina Omar, Ariffin Shamsudin, Shamsul Bahari Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title | Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title_full | Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title_fullStr | Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title_full_unstemmed | Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title_short | Blood lead levels of urban and rural Malaysian primary school children |
| title_sort | blood lead levels of urban and rural malaysian primary school children |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116535/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116535/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116535/ |