Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement
The polymer industry is increasingly focusing on nanocellulose-based polymer composites owing to their remarkable mechanical properties. However, achieving well-dispersed nanocellulose fillers remains challenging. This unique study compares one-step and two-step melt-blending processes for incorpora...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Royal Society of Chemistry
2025
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/1/116195.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848866946461728768 |
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| author | Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Ariffin, Hidayah Shazleen, Siti Shazra Ng Yee Foong, Lawrence Rujitanaroj, Pim-on Thitiwutthisakul, Kasinee Permpaisarnsakul, Patcharin Tinnasulanon, Phungjai |
| author_facet | Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Ariffin, Hidayah Shazleen, Siti Shazra Ng Yee Foong, Lawrence Rujitanaroj, Pim-on Thitiwutthisakul, Kasinee Permpaisarnsakul, Patcharin Tinnasulanon, Phungjai |
| author_sort | Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The polymer industry is increasingly focusing on nanocellulose-based polymer composites owing to their remarkable mechanical properties. However, achieving well-dispersed nanocellulose fillers remains challenging. This unique study compares one-step and two-step melt-blending processes for incorporating spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose (SD-NCC) at 3 and 5 wt% into polypropylene with a 3 wt% MAPP coupling agent. Both the one-step and two-step compounding processes were evaluated for their effects on nanocellulose distribution and mechanical performance. One-step PP/SD-NCC3 achieved the best properties: 34.8 MPa tensile, 57.3 MPa flexural, and 2.08 kJ m−2 impact strengths. SEM-EDX confirmed good SD-NCC distribution. Two-step 5 wt% SD-NCC showed slight improvements in mechanical, crystallinity, and thermal properties because of its better dispersion, but the one-step process was sufficient for achieving excellent performance. These findings suggest that spray-dried NCC can streamline compounding for large-scale applications. © 2024 The Author(s). |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:28:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-116195 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:28:41Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Royal Society of Chemistry |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1161952025-03-20T04:39:22Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/ Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Ariffin, Hidayah Shazleen, Siti Shazra Ng Yee Foong, Lawrence Rujitanaroj, Pim-on Thitiwutthisakul, Kasinee Permpaisarnsakul, Patcharin Tinnasulanon, Phungjai The polymer industry is increasingly focusing on nanocellulose-based polymer composites owing to their remarkable mechanical properties. However, achieving well-dispersed nanocellulose fillers remains challenging. This unique study compares one-step and two-step melt-blending processes for incorporating spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose (SD-NCC) at 3 and 5 wt% into polypropylene with a 3 wt% MAPP coupling agent. Both the one-step and two-step compounding processes were evaluated for their effects on nanocellulose distribution and mechanical performance. One-step PP/SD-NCC3 achieved the best properties: 34.8 MPa tensile, 57.3 MPa flexural, and 2.08 kJ m−2 impact strengths. SEM-EDX confirmed good SD-NCC distribution. Two-step 5 wt% SD-NCC showed slight improvements in mechanical, crystallinity, and thermal properties because of its better dispersion, but the one-step process was sufficient for achieving excellent performance. These findings suggest that spray-dried NCC can streamline compounding for large-scale applications. © 2024 The Author(s). Royal Society of Chemistry 2025 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/1/116195.pdf Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah and Ariffin, Hidayah and Shazleen, Siti Shazra and Ng Yee Foong, Lawrence and Rujitanaroj, Pim-on and Thitiwutthisakul, Kasinee and Permpaisarnsakul, Patcharin and Tinnasulanon, Phungjai (2025) Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement. RSC Sustainability. ISSN 2753-8125; eISSN: 2753-8125 https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/su/d4su00295d 10.1039/d4su00295d |
| spellingShingle | Sabaruddin, Fatimah Athiyah Ariffin, Hidayah Shazleen, Siti Shazra Ng Yee Foong, Lawrence Rujitanaroj, Pim-on Thitiwutthisakul, Kasinee Permpaisarnsakul, Patcharin Tinnasulanon, Phungjai Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title | Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title_full | Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title_fullStr | Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title_short | Enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| title_sort | enhanced mechanical strength of polypropylene bionanocomposites through spray-dried nanocrystalline cellulose reinforcement |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/116195/1/116195.pdf |