The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study
Background: The exploration of optimizing cardiopulmonary function and athletic performance through high-intensity metabolic exercises (HIMEs) is paramount in sports science. Despite the acknowledged efficacy of HIMEs in enhancing cardiopulmonary endurance, the high metabolic stress imposed on the c...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2024
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/1/114532.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848866521506381824 |
|---|---|
| author | Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Jiarong Li, Yuanning Li, Dandan |
| author_facet | Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Jiarong Li, Yuanning Li, Dandan |
| author_sort | Li, Yuanyuan |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: The exploration of optimizing cardiopulmonary function and athletic performance through high-intensity metabolic exercises (HIMEs) is paramount in sports science. Despite the acknowledged efficacy of HIMEs in enhancing cardiopulmonary endurance, the high metabolic stress imposed on the cardiopulmonary system, especially for amateurs, necessitates a scaled approach to training. Objective: The aim of this study is to ascertain whether adjustments in the initiation posture and the adoption of an appropriate breathing strategy can effectively mitigate the cardiopulmonary stress induced by HIMEs without compromising training efficacy. Methods: Twenty-two subjects were recruited into this study. The post-exercise heart rate (PHR) and post-exercise oxygen consumption rate (POCR) were collected within 30 min after exercise. A two-way ANOVA, multi-variable Cox regression, and random survival forest machine learning algorithm were used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results: Under free breathing, only the maximum POCR differed significantly between standing and prone positions, with prone positions showing higher stress (mean difference = 3.15, p < 0.001). In contrast, the regulated breathing rhythm enhanced performance outcomes compared to free breathing regardless of the starting position. Specifically, exercises initiated from prone positions under regulated breathing recorded a significantly higher maximum and average PHR than those from standing positions (maximum PHR: mean difference = 13.40, p < 0.001; average PHR: mean difference = 6.45, p < 0.001). The multi-variable Cox regression highlighted the starting position as a critical factor influencing the PHR and breathing rhythm as a significant factor for the POCR, with respective variable importances confirmed by the random survival forest analysis. These results underscore the importance of controlled breathing and starting positions in optimizing HIME outcomes. Conclusions: Regulated breathing in high-intensity exercises enhances performance and physiological functions, emphasizing the importance of breathing rhythm over starting position. Effective training should balance exercise volume and technique to optimize performance and minimize stress, reducing overtraining and injury risks. © 2024 by the authors. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:21:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-114532 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:21:55Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1145322025-01-17T03:09:13Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/ The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Jiarong Li, Yuanning Li, Dandan Background: The exploration of optimizing cardiopulmonary function and athletic performance through high-intensity metabolic exercises (HIMEs) is paramount in sports science. Despite the acknowledged efficacy of HIMEs in enhancing cardiopulmonary endurance, the high metabolic stress imposed on the cardiopulmonary system, especially for amateurs, necessitates a scaled approach to training. Objective: The aim of this study is to ascertain whether adjustments in the initiation posture and the adoption of an appropriate breathing strategy can effectively mitigate the cardiopulmonary stress induced by HIMEs without compromising training efficacy. Methods: Twenty-two subjects were recruited into this study. The post-exercise heart rate (PHR) and post-exercise oxygen consumption rate (POCR) were collected within 30 min after exercise. A two-way ANOVA, multi-variable Cox regression, and random survival forest machine learning algorithm were used to conduct the statistical analysis. Results: Under free breathing, only the maximum POCR differed significantly between standing and prone positions, with prone positions showing higher stress (mean difference = 3.15, p < 0.001). In contrast, the regulated breathing rhythm enhanced performance outcomes compared to free breathing regardless of the starting position. Specifically, exercises initiated from prone positions under regulated breathing recorded a significantly higher maximum and average PHR than those from standing positions (maximum PHR: mean difference = 13.40, p < 0.001; average PHR: mean difference = 6.45, p < 0.001). The multi-variable Cox regression highlighted the starting position as a critical factor influencing the PHR and breathing rhythm as a significant factor for the POCR, with respective variable importances confirmed by the random survival forest analysis. These results underscore the importance of controlled breathing and starting positions in optimizing HIME outcomes. Conclusions: Regulated breathing in high-intensity exercises enhances performance and physiological functions, emphasizing the importance of breathing rhythm over starting position. Effective training should balance exercise volume and technique to optimize performance and minimize stress, reducing overtraining and injury risks. © 2024 by the authors. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2024-09-20 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/1/114532.pdf Li, Yuanyuan and Wang, Jiarong and Li, Yuanning and Li, Dandan (2024) The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study. Healthcare, 12 (18). art. no. 1889. ISSN 2227-9032; eISSN: 2227-9032 https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/18/1889 10.3390/healthcare12181889 |
| spellingShingle | Li, Yuanyuan Wang, Jiarong Li, Yuanning Li, Dandan The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title | The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title_full | The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title_fullStr | The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title_short | The Impact of Starting Positions and Breathing Rhythms on Cardiopulmonary Stress and Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption after High-Intensity Metabolic Training: A Randomized Crossover Prospective Study |
| title_sort | impact of starting positions and breathing rhythms on cardiopulmonary stress and post-exercise oxygen consumption after high-intensity metabolic training: a randomized crossover prospective study |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/114532/1/114532.pdf |