Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula
The sea surface microlayer (SML), particularly in monsoon-influenced regions, remains largely unexplored. This study aims to determine the concentrations, enrichment, and factors controlling the enrichment processes of surface-active substances (SASs), which include surfactants, dissolved monosaccha...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/1/113723.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848866303948881920 |
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| author | Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah Khairul Anuar, Ayu Nabila Zaini, Nor Syafikah Mohamed, Khairul Nizam Latif, Mohd Talib |
| author_facet | Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah Khairul Anuar, Ayu Nabila Zaini, Nor Syafikah Mohamed, Khairul Nizam Latif, Mohd Talib |
| author_sort | Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The sea surface microlayer (SML), particularly in monsoon-influenced regions, remains largely unexplored. This study aims to determine the concentrations, enrichment, and factors controlling the enrichment processes of surface-active substances (SASs), which include surfactants, dissolved monosaccharides (MCHOs), polysaccharides (PCHOs), total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHOs), and transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) around the coastal area of Malaysian Peninsula. The SML samples and underlying water (ULW) from a depth of 1 m were collected during the southwest (August and September 2023) and northeast (November 2023) monsoons. Surfactants, TEPs, and dissolved carbohydrates were measured spectrometrically using methylene blue, the Alcian blue assay, and 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), respectively. The results showed that stations influenced by anthropogenic activities were generally enriched with surfactants (Enrichment factor, EF = 1.40 ± 0.91) and carbohydrate species (TDCHOs = 1.38 ± 0.28, MCHOs = 1.54 ± 0.57, PCHOs = 1.85 ± 1.43). However, TEP enrichment was not observed in our study (EF = 0.68 ± 0.24). The SASs in the SML were correlated with their underlying concentrations, implying that transport from underlying water could be a major source of substances in the SML. High carbohydrate concentrations and enrichment were found during the northeast monsoon, implying that rain and runoff water affect concentrations in the SML. Besides, the enrichment of SASs persists at moderate wind speeds and is depleted at high wind speeds. © 2024 |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:18:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-113723 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:18:28Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1137232025-01-17T03:26:40Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/ Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah Khairul Anuar, Ayu Nabila Zaini, Nor Syafikah Mohamed, Khairul Nizam Latif, Mohd Talib The sea surface microlayer (SML), particularly in monsoon-influenced regions, remains largely unexplored. This study aims to determine the concentrations, enrichment, and factors controlling the enrichment processes of surface-active substances (SASs), which include surfactants, dissolved monosaccharides (MCHOs), polysaccharides (PCHOs), total dissolved carbohydrates (TDCHOs), and transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) around the coastal area of Malaysian Peninsula. The SML samples and underlying water (ULW) from a depth of 1 m were collected during the southwest (August and September 2023) and northeast (November 2023) monsoons. Surfactants, TEPs, and dissolved carbohydrates were measured spectrometrically using methylene blue, the Alcian blue assay, and 2,4,6-Tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), respectively. The results showed that stations influenced by anthropogenic activities were generally enriched with surfactants (Enrichment factor, EF = 1.40 ± 0.91) and carbohydrate species (TDCHOs = 1.38 ± 0.28, MCHOs = 1.54 ± 0.57, PCHOs = 1.85 ± 1.43). However, TEP enrichment was not observed in our study (EF = 0.68 ± 0.24). The SASs in the SML were correlated with their underlying concentrations, implying that transport from underlying water could be a major source of substances in the SML. High carbohydrate concentrations and enrichment were found during the northeast monsoon, implying that rain and runoff water affect concentrations in the SML. Besides, the enrichment of SASs persists at moderate wind speeds and is depleted at high wind speeds. © 2024 Elsevier 2024 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/1/113723.pdf Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah and Khairul Anuar, Ayu Nabila and Zaini, Nor Syafikah and Mohamed, Khairul Nizam and Latif, Mohd Talib (2024) Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 206. art. no. 116798. pp. 1-12. ISSN 0025-326X; eISSN: 1879-3363 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025326X24007756 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116798 |
| spellingShingle | Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah Khairul Anuar, Ayu Nabila Zaini, Nor Syafikah Mohamed, Khairul Nizam Latif, Mohd Talib Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title | Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title_full | Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title_fullStr | Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title_full_unstemmed | Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title_short | Distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the Malaysian peninsula |
| title_sort | distribution of surface-active substances in the sea surface microlayers off the malaysian peninsula |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113723/1/113723.pdf |