Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit
The study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (gac) fruits. Fruit size varied, weighing 359.17 to 588.33g, with lengths of 11.10 to 13.92 cm and circumferences of 27.43 to 30.67 cm. Components included pulp (34.06 to 41.58%), seeds (23.11 to...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universiti Putra Malaysia
2024
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/1/113550.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848866257896472576 |
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| author | Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Amin Azlan, Azrina Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Fazli Hassim, Mohd Desa Muhammad, Nor Hayati |
| author_facet | Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Amin Azlan, Azrina Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Fazli Hassim, Mohd Desa Muhammad, Nor Hayati |
| author_sort | Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (gac) fruits. Fruit size varied, weighing 359.17 to 588.33g, with lengths of 11.10 to 13.92 cm and circumferences of 27.43 to 30.67 cm. Components included pulp (34.06 to 41.58%), seeds (23.11 to 29.70%), peel (16.65 to 20.60%), and aril (15.64 to 18.64%). Skin and aril colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) indicated maturity and carotenoid content. Aril had higher acidity (pH 5.54±0.02, titratable acidity [TA] 0.03 to 0.05g/L), total soluble solids (TSS, 11.57%±0.52 °Brix), and carbohydrates (55.6 g/100 g) than pulp (pH 5.65±0.02, TA 0.01 to 0.02g/L, TSS 4.90%±0.33 °Brix, carbohydrates 30.9 g/100 g). Peel contained most protein (6.2 g/100 g) and dietary fibre (56.9 to 58.1 g/100 g). Glucose and fructose were found in both pulp and aril. Potassium levels were highest in peel (817.59 mg/100 g), followed by pulp (658.20 mg/100 g) and aril (228.79 mg/100 g). Lycopene dominated carotenoids, especially in aril (31.7 to 103.7 mg/g). β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin were also present. β-carotene (2.9 to 9.6 mg/g) was second to lycopene, followed by astaxanthin (1.54 to 4.91 mg/g), lutein (0.16 to 1.35 mg/g), and zeaxanthin (0.35 to 1.49 mg/g), absent in pulp. These findings have implications for the food industry, offering insights into gac fruit’s nutritional potential. Malaysian gac exhibited superior nutritional content, with pulp and aril as notable sources of carbohydrates and minerals for consumption and aril as a promising source of healthy oils. © 2024 Universiti Putra Malaysia. All rights reserved. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:17:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-113550 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:17:44Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1135502024-11-26T04:12:14Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/ Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Amin Azlan, Azrina Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Fazli Hassim, Mohd Desa Muhammad, Nor Hayati The study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (gac) fruits. Fruit size varied, weighing 359.17 to 588.33g, with lengths of 11.10 to 13.92 cm and circumferences of 27.43 to 30.67 cm. Components included pulp (34.06 to 41.58%), seeds (23.11 to 29.70%), peel (16.65 to 20.60%), and aril (15.64 to 18.64%). Skin and aril colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) indicated maturity and carotenoid content. Aril had higher acidity (pH 5.54±0.02, titratable acidity [TA] 0.03 to 0.05g/L), total soluble solids (TSS, 11.57%±0.52 °Brix), and carbohydrates (55.6 g/100 g) than pulp (pH 5.65±0.02, TA 0.01 to 0.02g/L, TSS 4.90%±0.33 °Brix, carbohydrates 30.9 g/100 g). Peel contained most protein (6.2 g/100 g) and dietary fibre (56.9 to 58.1 g/100 g). Glucose and fructose were found in both pulp and aril. Potassium levels were highest in peel (817.59 mg/100 g), followed by pulp (658.20 mg/100 g) and aril (228.79 mg/100 g). Lycopene dominated carotenoids, especially in aril (31.7 to 103.7 mg/g). β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin were also present. β-carotene (2.9 to 9.6 mg/g) was second to lycopene, followed by astaxanthin (1.54 to 4.91 mg/g), lutein (0.16 to 1.35 mg/g), and zeaxanthin (0.35 to 1.49 mg/g), absent in pulp. These findings have implications for the food industry, offering insights into gac fruit’s nutritional potential. Malaysian gac exhibited superior nutritional content, with pulp and aril as notable sources of carbohydrates and minerals for consumption and aril as a promising source of healthy oils. © 2024 Universiti Putra Malaysia. All rights reserved. Universiti Putra Malaysia 2024 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/1/113550.pdf Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri and Ismail, Amin and Azlan, Azrina and Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Fazli and Hassim, Mohd Desa and Muhammad, Nor Hayati (2024) Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science, 47 (2). pp. 461-479. ISSN 1511-3701; eISSN: 2231-8542 http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjtas/browse/regular-issue?article=JTAS-2906-2023 10.47836/pjtas.47.2.09 |
| spellingShingle | Abdul Rahman, Mohd Nazri Ismail, Amin Azlan, Azrina Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Fazli Hassim, Mohd Desa Muhammad, Nor Hayati Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title | Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title_full | Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title_fullStr | Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title_full_unstemmed | Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title_short | Physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of Momordica cochinchinensis L. Spreng (Gac) fruit |
| title_sort | physicochemical properties, proximate composition, and carotenoid content of momordica cochinchinensis l. spreng (gac) fruit |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/113550/1/113550.pdf |