Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils
Production of biodiesel from edible vegetable oils using homogenous catalysts negatively impacts food availability and cost while generating significant amounts of caustic wastewater during purification. Thus, there is an urgent need to utilize low-cost, non-food feedstocks for the production of bio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2023
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/1/110427.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848865519659122688 |
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| author | Hanif, Maryam Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad Hanif, Muhammad Asif Rashid, Umer Moser, Bryan R. Hanif, Asma Alharthi, Fahad A. |
| author_facet | Hanif, Maryam Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad Hanif, Muhammad Asif Rashid, Umer Moser, Bryan R. Hanif, Asma Alharthi, Fahad A. |
| author_sort | Hanif, Maryam |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Production of biodiesel from edible vegetable oils using homogenous catalysts negatively impacts food availability and cost while generating significant amounts of caustic wastewater during purification. Thus, there is an urgent need to utilize low-cost, non-food feedstocks for the production of biodiesel using sustainable heterogeneous catalysis. The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel supported nano-magnetic catalyst (CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar) for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) from waste and low-cost plant seed oils, including Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard), Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower) and Pongamia pinnata (karanja). The structure, morphology, surface area, porosity, crystallinity, and magnetization of the nano-magnetic catalyst was confirmed using XRD, FESEM/EDX, BET, and VSM. The maximum biodiesel yield (93.6–99.9%) was achieved at 1.0 or 1.5 wt.% catalyst with methanol-to-oil molar ratios of 5:1 or 10:1 at 40 °C for 2 h. The CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar catalyst retained high activity for four consecutive cycles for conversion of karanja, wild mustard, and wild safflower oils. The effective separation of the catalyst from biodiesel was achieved using an external magnet. Various different physico-chemical parameters, such as pour point, density, cloud point, iodine value, acid value, and cetane number, were also determined for the optimized fuels and found to be within the ranges specified in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, where applicable. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:06:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-110427 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:06:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1104272025-05-20T03:51:15Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/ Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils Hanif, Maryam Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad Hanif, Muhammad Asif Rashid, Umer Moser, Bryan R. Hanif, Asma Alharthi, Fahad A. Production of biodiesel from edible vegetable oils using homogenous catalysts negatively impacts food availability and cost while generating significant amounts of caustic wastewater during purification. Thus, there is an urgent need to utilize low-cost, non-food feedstocks for the production of biodiesel using sustainable heterogeneous catalysis. The objective of this study was to synthesize a novel supported nano-magnetic catalyst (CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar) for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) from waste and low-cost plant seed oils, including Sinapis arvensis (wild mustard), Carthamus oxyacantha (wild safflower) and Pongamia pinnata (karanja). The structure, morphology, surface area, porosity, crystallinity, and magnetization of the nano-magnetic catalyst was confirmed using XRD, FESEM/EDX, BET, and VSM. The maximum biodiesel yield (93.6–99.9%) was achieved at 1.0 or 1.5 wt.% catalyst with methanol-to-oil molar ratios of 5:1 or 10:1 at 40 °C for 2 h. The CaO/Fe2O3/feldspar catalyst retained high activity for four consecutive cycles for conversion of karanja, wild mustard, and wild safflower oils. The effective separation of the catalyst from biodiesel was achieved using an external magnet. Various different physico-chemical parameters, such as pour point, density, cloud point, iodine value, acid value, and cetane number, were also determined for the optimized fuels and found to be within the ranges specified in ASTM D6751 and EN 14214, where applicable. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2023 Article PeerReviewed text en http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/1/110427.pdf Hanif, Maryam and Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad and Hanif, Muhammad Asif and Rashid, Umer and Moser, Bryan R. and Hanif, Asma and Alharthi, Fahad A. (2023) Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils. Catalysts, 13 (6). art. no. 998. pp. 1-14. ISSN 2073-4344 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4344/13/6/998 10.3390/catal13060998 |
| spellingShingle | Hanif, Maryam Bhatti, Ijaz Ahmad Hanif, Muhammad Asif Rashid, Umer Moser, Bryan R. Hanif, Asma Alharthi, Fahad A. Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title | Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title_full | Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title_fullStr | Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title_short | Nano-magnetic CaO/Fe2O3/Feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| title_sort | nano-magnetic cao/fe2o3/feldspar catalysts for the production of biodiesel from waste oils |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/110427/1/110427.pdf |