Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes at selected primary care clinics in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years with type 1 or 2 diabetes trea...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia
2023
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/1/MFP-18-37.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848865394668863488 |
|---|---|
| author | Alias, Siti Hawa Teng, Cheong Lieng Devaraj, Navin Kumar Amirrudin, Saadatunnoor Abd Latib, Noor Rawaida Chong, Fui Yee Yussof, Syamimi Mohamad Din, Mohamad Danial Lim, Poon Wah |
| author_facet | Alias, Siti Hawa Teng, Cheong Lieng Devaraj, Navin Kumar Amirrudin, Saadatunnoor Abd Latib, Noor Rawaida Chong, Fui Yee Yussof, Syamimi Mohamad Din, Mohamad Danial Lim, Poon Wah |
| author_sort | Alias, Siti Hawa |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes at selected primary care clinics in Malaysia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years with type 1 or 2 diabetes treated with insulin for at least 6 months at six selected public primary care clinics in Malaysia. The Injection Technique Questionnaire was used, and physical examination was conducted to detect the presence of lipohypertrophy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 26.
Results: A total of 506 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study; of them, 60.47% were women, and 48.42% were Malays. The prevalence of lipohypertrophy was 39.6% (95% Confidence Interval, CI =35%–44%). The univariate analysis revealed that a larger number of injections per day, longer needle length, repeated use of needles, incorrect rotation of the injection site, longer insulin use duration, higher total insulin dose and higher HbA1c level were significantly associated with lipohypertrophy. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, incorrect rotation of the injection site was the only independent associated factor of lipohypertrophy.
Conclusion: The prevalence of lipohypertrophy in this study is comparable with that in other studies. The identified associated factors of lipohypertrophy must be addressed in ongoing health education for insulin-injecting patients at Malaysian primary care clinics. Educating healthcare professionals and increasing awareness among patients with diabetes are important steps in preventing this complication. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:04:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-109526 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T14:04:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1095262024-12-17T02:46:38Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/ Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study Alias, Siti Hawa Teng, Cheong Lieng Devaraj, Navin Kumar Amirrudin, Saadatunnoor Abd Latib, Noor Rawaida Chong, Fui Yee Yussof, Syamimi Mohamad Din, Mohamad Danial Lim, Poon Wah Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injecting patients with diabetes at selected primary care clinics in Malaysia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults aged ≥18 years with type 1 or 2 diabetes treated with insulin for at least 6 months at six selected public primary care clinics in Malaysia. The Injection Technique Questionnaire was used, and physical examination was conducted to detect the presence of lipohypertrophy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 26. Results: A total of 506 patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this study; of them, 60.47% were women, and 48.42% were Malays. The prevalence of lipohypertrophy was 39.6% (95% Confidence Interval, CI =35%–44%). The univariate analysis revealed that a larger number of injections per day, longer needle length, repeated use of needles, incorrect rotation of the injection site, longer insulin use duration, higher total insulin dose and higher HbA1c level were significantly associated with lipohypertrophy. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, incorrect rotation of the injection site was the only independent associated factor of lipohypertrophy. Conclusion: The prevalence of lipohypertrophy in this study is comparable with that in other studies. The identified associated factors of lipohypertrophy must be addressed in ongoing health education for insulin-injecting patients at Malaysian primary care clinics. Educating healthcare professionals and increasing awareness among patients with diabetes are important steps in preventing this complication. Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia 2023-06-17 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/1/MFP-18-37.pdf Alias, Siti Hawa and Teng, Cheong Lieng and Devaraj, Navin Kumar and Amirrudin, Saadatunnoor and Abd Latib, Noor Rawaida and Chong, Fui Yee and Yussof, Syamimi and Mohamad Din, Mohamad Danial and Lim, Poon Wah (2023) Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study. Malaysian Family Physician, 18 (37). pp. 1-15. ISSN 1985-207X; eISSN: 1985-2274 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37449277/ 10.51866/oa.100 |
| spellingShingle | Alias, Siti Hawa Teng, Cheong Lieng Devaraj, Navin Kumar Amirrudin, Saadatunnoor Abd Latib, Noor Rawaida Chong, Fui Yee Yussof, Syamimi Mohamad Din, Mohamad Danial Lim, Poon Wah Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title | Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | prevalence and associated factors of lipohypertrophy in insulin-injected patients with diabetes in selected primary care clinics in peninsular malaysian: a cross-sectional study |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/109526/1/MFP-18-37.pdf |