Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China
The unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic forced most teachers across the globe to switch their teaching from traditional face-to-face to online without having received adequate preparation and knowledge related to online teaching. To better comprehend teachers’ willingness to conduct emergency r...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
2023
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/1/107937.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848865029498077184 |
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| author | Gao, Yanjun Wong, Su Luan Md. Khambari, Mas Nida Noordin, Nooreen Geng, Jingxin Bai, Yun |
| author_facet | Gao, Yanjun Wong, Su Luan Md. Khambari, Mas Nida Noordin, Nooreen Geng, Jingxin Bai, Yun |
| author_sort | Gao, Yanjun |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic forced most teachers across the globe to switch their teaching from traditional face-to-face to online without having received adequate preparation and knowledge related to online teaching. To better comprehend teachers’ willingness to conduct emergency remote teaching during the worldwide crisis, the current study was designed to examine teachers’ intentions and, in particular, the factors affecting their behavioral intentions to teach online, by contextualizing the research in the English language teaching settings in China. The research model was developed based on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM) by adding subjective norm, self-efficacy, technological complexity, and facilitating conditions into the original TAM. The data were obtained from a total of 287 respondents including 228 (79.4%) female teachers and 59 (20.6%) male teachers via online questionnaires. The questionnaire was developed by adapting previously validated instruments and then refined by two educational technology experts in order to better suit the current study. The empirical findings, using structural equation modeling (SEM), showed that the extended TAM was valid in predicting English language teachers’ intentions to teach online during the pandemic normalization. At the same time, the findings suggested that teachers’ intentions were influenced significantly by attitude, facilitating conditions, and self-efficacy; language teachers’ attitude toward online teaching was significantly affected by both its perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use; perceived usefulness had a significant association with perceived ease of use and subjective norms; and perceived ease of use was significantly impacted by self-efficacy and facilitating conditions. Perceived usefulness was not suggested as a significant determinant of English language teachers’ intentions to adopt online teaching. Despite some limitations, the study has several implications from the perspective of theory and practice. The more factors with a higher influence should be determined from different perspectives in future research. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:58:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-107937 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:58:13Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1079372025-03-13T02:16:51Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/ Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China Gao, Yanjun Wong, Su Luan Md. Khambari, Mas Nida Noordin, Nooreen Geng, Jingxin Bai, Yun The unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic forced most teachers across the globe to switch their teaching from traditional face-to-face to online without having received adequate preparation and knowledge related to online teaching. To better comprehend teachers’ willingness to conduct emergency remote teaching during the worldwide crisis, the current study was designed to examine teachers’ intentions and, in particular, the factors affecting their behavioral intentions to teach online, by contextualizing the research in the English language teaching settings in China. The research model was developed based on an extended technology acceptance model (TAM) by adding subjective norm, self-efficacy, technological complexity, and facilitating conditions into the original TAM. The data were obtained from a total of 287 respondents including 228 (79.4%) female teachers and 59 (20.6%) male teachers via online questionnaires. The questionnaire was developed by adapting previously validated instruments and then refined by two educational technology experts in order to better suit the current study. The empirical findings, using structural equation modeling (SEM), showed that the extended TAM was valid in predicting English language teachers’ intentions to teach online during the pandemic normalization. At the same time, the findings suggested that teachers’ intentions were influenced significantly by attitude, facilitating conditions, and self-efficacy; language teachers’ attitude toward online teaching was significantly affected by both its perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use; perceived usefulness had a significant association with perceived ease of use and subjective norms; and perceived ease of use was significantly impacted by self-efficacy and facilitating conditions. Perceived usefulness was not suggested as a significant determinant of English language teachers’ intentions to adopt online teaching. Despite some limitations, the study has several implications from the perspective of theory and practice. The more factors with a higher influence should be determined from different perspectives in future research. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) 2023 Article PeerReviewed text en cc_by_4 http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/1/107937.pdf Gao, Yanjun and Wong, Su Luan and Md. Khambari, Mas Nida and Noordin, Nooreen and Geng, Jingxin and Bai, Yun (2023) Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China. Behavioral Sciences, 13 (8). art. no. 624. pp. 1-21. ISSN 2076-328X; eISSN: 2076-328X https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/624 10.3390/bs13080624 |
| spellingShingle | Gao, Yanjun Wong, Su Luan Md. Khambari, Mas Nida Noordin, Nooreen Geng, Jingxin Bai, Yun Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title | Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title_full | Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title_fullStr | Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title_short | Factors affecting English language teachers’ behavioral Intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of COVID-19 in China |
| title_sort | factors affecting english language teachers’ behavioral intentions to teach online under the pandemic normalization of covid-19 in china |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/107937/1/107937.pdf |