Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854)
Tor tambroides is one of the Tor species identified in Southeast Asia with a promising aquaculture potential in Malaysia, fetching market price of up to USD 53 per kilogram. It is a slow grower that takes more than two years to reach marketable body weight (∼800 g) in captivity. This study was desig...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2024
|
| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105674/ |
| _version_ | 1848864576482836480 |
|---|---|
| author | Joshua, Wizilla Janti Zulperi, Zarirah Kamarudin, Mohd Salleh Ikhsan, Natrah Chin, Yong Kit Ina-Salwany, Md Yasin Yusoff, Fatimah Md |
| author_facet | Joshua, Wizilla Janti Zulperi, Zarirah Kamarudin, Mohd Salleh Ikhsan, Natrah Chin, Yong Kit Ina-Salwany, Md Yasin Yusoff, Fatimah Md |
| author_sort | Joshua, Wizilla Janti |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Tor tambroides is one of the Tor species identified in Southeast Asia with a promising aquaculture potential in Malaysia, fetching market price of up to USD 53 per kilogram. It is a slow grower that takes more than two years to reach marketable body weight (∼800 g) in captivity. This study was designed to establish the C. vulgaris enriched Artemia sp. and Moina sp. in enhancing the growth performance of T. tambroides larvae. The larvae were divided into five treatments, control (C) (commercial feed); unenriched Moina (UM); enriched Moina (EM); unenriched Artemia (UA); enriched Artemia (EA). The concentration of C. vulgaris used during enrichment was 1 × 107 algal cells/mL. On 14 to 29 days after hatching (DAH), the larvae were co-fed with the commercial feeds and each treatment four times daily. The highest body weight gained were observed in the larval group fed with EA (18.56 ± 1.02 mg), followed by UA (15.89 ± 2.08 mg) and were statistically different as compared to the UM (6.89 ± 0.51) and EM (6.11 ± 1.09) and C (3.56 ± 1.20) (p < 0.05). The final total length was also the highest in larvae fed with EA (17.8 ± 0.04 mm), followed by UA (17.2 ± 0.0 mm), EM (16.4 ± 0.02 mm), UM (16.0 ± 0.02 mm) and the lowest in C (15.4 ± 0.02 mm). The larvae fed with EA also displayed a significant increase in specific growth rate (4.66), followed by UA (4.13) and were statistically different to UM (2.10), EM (1.88) and C (1.14) (p < 0.05). The relative growth rate of the larvae was the highest in EA (92.27) and lowest in C (17.68) (p < 0.05). The survival rate of the larvae was the highest in UM and EM with 89.4, followed by EA (89.13), UA (88.51) and C (84.7). The EA had high and positive upregulation of growth hormone genes (0.16 ± 0.13), myostatin gene (0.11 ± 0.10), MHCC1a gene (0.48 ± 0.12) and CC3 gene (0.28 ± 0.14) and were statistically different as compared to the control group. The enriched Artemia had enhancing effect on the growth performance and expression of the immune and growth genes of the larvae, potentially due to its nutritional contents and better ingestion by the larvae. The study suggests C. vulgaris enriched Artemia can be used in the hatcheries to improve the growth and survival of T. tambroides larvae, shorten its rearing period and increases its yield. © 2023 Elsevier B.V. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:51:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-105674 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:51:01Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1056742024-02-08T06:44:55Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105674/ Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) Joshua, Wizilla Janti Zulperi, Zarirah Kamarudin, Mohd Salleh Ikhsan, Natrah Chin, Yong Kit Ina-Salwany, Md Yasin Yusoff, Fatimah Md Tor tambroides is one of the Tor species identified in Southeast Asia with a promising aquaculture potential in Malaysia, fetching market price of up to USD 53 per kilogram. It is a slow grower that takes more than two years to reach marketable body weight (∼800 g) in captivity. This study was designed to establish the C. vulgaris enriched Artemia sp. and Moina sp. in enhancing the growth performance of T. tambroides larvae. The larvae were divided into five treatments, control (C) (commercial feed); unenriched Moina (UM); enriched Moina (EM); unenriched Artemia (UA); enriched Artemia (EA). The concentration of C. vulgaris used during enrichment was 1 × 107 algal cells/mL. On 14 to 29 days after hatching (DAH), the larvae were co-fed with the commercial feeds and each treatment four times daily. The highest body weight gained were observed in the larval group fed with EA (18.56 ± 1.02 mg), followed by UA (15.89 ± 2.08 mg) and were statistically different as compared to the UM (6.89 ± 0.51) and EM (6.11 ± 1.09) and C (3.56 ± 1.20) (p < 0.05). The final total length was also the highest in larvae fed with EA (17.8 ± 0.04 mm), followed by UA (17.2 ± 0.0 mm), EM (16.4 ± 0.02 mm), UM (16.0 ± 0.02 mm) and the lowest in C (15.4 ± 0.02 mm). The larvae fed with EA also displayed a significant increase in specific growth rate (4.66), followed by UA (4.13) and were statistically different to UM (2.10), EM (1.88) and C (1.14) (p < 0.05). The relative growth rate of the larvae was the highest in EA (92.27) and lowest in C (17.68) (p < 0.05). The survival rate of the larvae was the highest in UM and EM with 89.4, followed by EA (89.13), UA (88.51) and C (84.7). The EA had high and positive upregulation of growth hormone genes (0.16 ± 0.13), myostatin gene (0.11 ± 0.10), MHCC1a gene (0.48 ± 0.12) and CC3 gene (0.28 ± 0.14) and were statistically different as compared to the control group. The enriched Artemia had enhancing effect on the growth performance and expression of the immune and growth genes of the larvae, potentially due to its nutritional contents and better ingestion by the larvae. The study suggests C. vulgaris enriched Artemia can be used in the hatcheries to improve the growth and survival of T. tambroides larvae, shorten its rearing period and increases its yield. © 2023 Elsevier B.V. Elsevier 2024 Article PeerReviewed Joshua, Wizilla Janti and Zulperi, Zarirah and Kamarudin, Mohd Salleh and Ikhsan, Natrah and Chin, Yong Kit and Ina-Salwany, Md Yasin and Yusoff, Fatimah Md (2024) Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854). Aquaculture, 580 (pt.1). art. no. 740276. pp. 1-15. ISSN 0044-8486 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85176241044&doi=10.1016%2fj.aquaculture.2023.740276&partnerID=40&md5=6f1a318b69ca408e3f782e277e1d72c0 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.740276 |
| spellingShingle | Joshua, Wizilla Janti Zulperi, Zarirah Kamarudin, Mohd Salleh Ikhsan, Natrah Chin, Yong Kit Ina-Salwany, Md Yasin Yusoff, Fatimah Md Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title | Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title_full | Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title_fullStr | Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title_short | Live-food enriched with Chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of Tor tambroides larvae (Bleeker 1854) |
| title_sort | live-food enriched with chlorella vulgaris as a potential supplemental diet to enhance performance and immune response of tor tambroides larvae (bleeker 1854) |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105674/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105674/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/105674/ |