The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial
Background: Despite the availability and accessibility of free Papanicolaou (Pap) smear as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the uptake of Pap smear in Malaysia has not changed in the last 15 years. Previous studies have shown that the high uptake of Pap smear reduces the mortality rate of patie...
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| Format: | Article |
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JMIR Publications
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103541/ |
| _version_ | 1848864045095976960 |
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| author | Mohammad, Zaahirah Ahmad, Norliza Baharom, Anisah |
| author_facet | Mohammad, Zaahirah Ahmad, Norliza Baharom, Anisah |
| author_sort | Mohammad, Zaahirah |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Despite the availability and accessibility of free Papanicolaou (Pap) smear as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the uptake of Pap smear in Malaysia has not changed in the last 15 years. Previous studies have shown that the high uptake of Pap smear reduces the mortality rate of patients with cervical cancer. The low uptake of Pap smear is multifactorial, and the problem could be minimized through the use of mobile technologies. Nevertheless, most intervention studies focused on individual factors, while other important aspects such as mobile technologies, especially WhatsApp, have not been investigated yet. Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of a theory-based educational intervention and WhatsApp follow-up (Pap smear uptake [PSU] intervention) in improving PSU among postnatal women in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Methods: A 2-arm, parallel single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among postpartum women from the Seremban district. Twelve health clinics were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. At baseline, both groups received a self-administered questionnaire. The intervention group received standard care and PSU intervention delivered by a researcher. This 2-stage intervention module was developed based on Social Cognitive Theory, where the first stage was conducted face-to-face and the second stage included a WhatsApp follow-up. The control group received standard care. Participants were observed immediately and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. The primary endpoint was PSU, whereas the secondary endpoints were knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores for Pap smear screening self-assessed using a Google Forms questionnaire. A generalized mixed model was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), and P value of .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We analyzed 401 women, of whom 76 (response rate: 325/401, 81%) had withdrawn because of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a total of 162 respondents in the intervention group and 163 respondents in the control group. The proportion of Pap smears at the 12-week follow-up was 67.9% (110/162) in the intervention group versus 39.8% (65/163) in the control group (P<.001). Significant differences between the intervention and control groups were found for Pap smear use (F4,1178; P<.001), knowledge scores (F4,1172=14.946; P<.001), attitude scores (F4,1172=24.417; P<.001), and self-efficacy scores (F1,1172=10.432; P<.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the PSU intervention is effective in increasing the uptake of Pap smear among postnatal women in Seremban district, Malaysia. This intervention module can be tested in other populations of women. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:42:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-103541 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:42:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1035412023-05-24T02:09:57Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103541/ The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial Mohammad, Zaahirah Ahmad, Norliza Baharom, Anisah Background: Despite the availability and accessibility of free Papanicolaou (Pap) smear as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the uptake of Pap smear in Malaysia has not changed in the last 15 years. Previous studies have shown that the high uptake of Pap smear reduces the mortality rate of patients with cervical cancer. The low uptake of Pap smear is multifactorial, and the problem could be minimized through the use of mobile technologies. Nevertheless, most intervention studies focused on individual factors, while other important aspects such as mobile technologies, especially WhatsApp, have not been investigated yet. Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of a theory-based educational intervention and WhatsApp follow-up (Pap smear uptake [PSU] intervention) in improving PSU among postnatal women in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Methods: A 2-arm, parallel single-blind cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among postpartum women from the Seremban district. Twelve health clinics were randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups. At baseline, both groups received a self-administered questionnaire. The intervention group received standard care and PSU intervention delivered by a researcher. This 2-stage intervention module was developed based on Social Cognitive Theory, where the first stage was conducted face-to-face and the second stage included a WhatsApp follow-up. The control group received standard care. Participants were observed immediately and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the intervention. The primary endpoint was PSU, whereas the secondary endpoints were knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy scores for Pap smear screening self-assessed using a Google Forms questionnaire. A generalized mixed model was used to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. All data were analyzed using IBM SPSS (version 25), and P value of .05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We analyzed 401 women, of whom 76 (response rate: 325/401, 81%) had withdrawn because of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a total of 162 respondents in the intervention group and 163 respondents in the control group. The proportion of Pap smears at the 12-week follow-up was 67.9% (110/162) in the intervention group versus 39.8% (65/163) in the control group (P<.001). Significant differences between the intervention and control groups were found for Pap smear use (F4,1178; P<.001), knowledge scores (F4,1172=14.946; P<.001), attitude scores (F4,1172=24.417; P<.001), and self-efficacy scores (F1,1172=10.432; P<.001). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the PSU intervention is effective in increasing the uptake of Pap smear among postnatal women in Seremban district, Malaysia. This intervention module can be tested in other populations of women. JMIR Publications 2022 Article PeerReviewed Mohammad, Zaahirah and Ahmad, Norliza and Baharom, Anisah (2022) The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 10 (6). art. no. 32089. pp. 1-12. ISSN 2291-5222 https://mhealth.jmir.org/2022/6/e32089/ 10.2196/32089 |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad, Zaahirah Ahmad, Norliza Baharom, Anisah The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title | The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title_full | The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title_fullStr | The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title_full_unstemmed | The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title_short | The effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsApp follow-up on Papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in Malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| title_sort | effects of theory-based educational intervention and whatsapp follow-up on papanicolaou smear pptake among postnatal women in malaysia: randomized controlled trial |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103541/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103541/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103541/ |