Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction
Conventional essential oil extraction systems cannot meet the green extraction concepts and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative systems based on clean energy. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of essential oil extraction using s...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Wiley-Blackwell
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103247/ |
| _version_ | 1848863970091335680 |
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| author | Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman K. Ahmed, Abdul Hadi Gavahian, Mohsen Chen, Ho Hsien Chemat, Farid Al-Behadli, Thamer-K.M. Mohd Nor, Mohd Zuhair Ahmad, So'bah |
| author_facet | Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman K. Ahmed, Abdul Hadi Gavahian, Mohsen Chen, Ho Hsien Chemat, Farid Al-Behadli, Thamer-K.M. Mohd Nor, Mohd Zuhair Ahmad, So'bah |
| author_sort | Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Conventional essential oil extraction systems cannot meet the green extraction concepts and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative systems based on clean energy. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of essential oil extraction using solar energy without utilizing synthetic solvents. Hence, an eco-friendly solar energy-based extraction system (SEE) was developed to extract essential oils from cloves and cinnamon barks, orange and lemon peels, eucalyptus leaves, and cardamom seeds. Essential oils were assessed in terms of yield, physical properties, and chemical composition using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry assay. Also, the process sustainability was analyzed by the green extraction evaluation approach, and results were compared with those of traditional hydro-distillation (THD). Replacing THD with SEE increased the extraction time by 0.65, 0.80, 0.41, 0.61, 0.39, and 0.45 h for processing clove, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom, respectively. The optimum solar radiation for extraction was about 1000 W/m2. Also, oxygen compounds (96.45, 79.640, 42.98, and 83.76%) comprised the main proportion in the clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, and cardamom essential oils, while orange and lemon essential oils had a high presence of terpenes. Furthermore, essential oils obtained by SEE had a similar yield and alcohol solubility to THD. According to green extraction process analysis, solar energy-based extraction was 23–34% greener than THD, depending on the type of plant material. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:41:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-103247 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:41:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Wiley-Blackwell |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1032472023-11-16T04:13:06Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103247/ Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman K. Ahmed, Abdul Hadi Gavahian, Mohsen Chen, Ho Hsien Chemat, Farid Al-Behadli, Thamer-K.M. Mohd Nor, Mohd Zuhair Ahmad, So'bah Conventional essential oil extraction systems cannot meet the green extraction concepts and sustainable development goals (SDGs). Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative systems based on clean energy. The present study aims to investigate the possibility of essential oil extraction using solar energy without utilizing synthetic solvents. Hence, an eco-friendly solar energy-based extraction system (SEE) was developed to extract essential oils from cloves and cinnamon barks, orange and lemon peels, eucalyptus leaves, and cardamom seeds. Essential oils were assessed in terms of yield, physical properties, and chemical composition using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry assay. Also, the process sustainability was analyzed by the green extraction evaluation approach, and results were compared with those of traditional hydro-distillation (THD). Replacing THD with SEE increased the extraction time by 0.65, 0.80, 0.41, 0.61, 0.39, and 0.45 h for processing clove, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom, respectively. The optimum solar radiation for extraction was about 1000 W/m2. Also, oxygen compounds (96.45, 79.640, 42.98, and 83.76%) comprised the main proportion in the clove, cinnamon, eucalyptus, and cardamom essential oils, while orange and lemon essential oils had a high presence of terpenes. Furthermore, essential oils obtained by SEE had a similar yield and alcohol solubility to THD. According to green extraction process analysis, solar energy-based extraction was 23–34% greener than THD, depending on the type of plant material. Wiley-Blackwell 2022 Article PeerReviewed Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman and K. Ahmed, Abdul Hadi and Gavahian, Mohsen and Chen, Ho Hsien and Chemat, Farid and Al-Behadli, Thamer-K.M. and Mohd Nor, Mohd Zuhair and Ahmad, So'bah (2022) Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 45 (6). pp. 1-13. ISSN 0145-8876; ESSN: 1745-4530 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jfpe.14038#:~:text=The%20optimum%20solar%20radiation%20for,a%20high%20presence%20of%20terpenes. 10.1111/jfpe.14038 |
| spellingShingle | Al-Hilphy, Asaad Rehman K. Ahmed, Abdul Hadi Gavahian, Mohsen Chen, Ho Hsien Chemat, Farid Al-Behadli, Thamer-K.M. Mohd Nor, Mohd Zuhair Ahmad, So'bah Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title | Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title_full | Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title_fullStr | Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title_full_unstemmed | Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title_short | Solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| title_sort | solar energy-based extraction of essential oils from cloves, cinnamon, orange, lemon, eucalyptus, and cardamom: a clean energy technology for green extraction |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103247/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103247/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103247/ |