Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel technique to stimulate the human brain through the scalp. Over the years, identifying the optimal brain region and stimulation parameters has been a subject of debate in the literature on therapeutic uses of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Nevert...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103051/ |
| _version_ | 1848863927108108288 |
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| author | Tomeh, Abdulhameed Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan Inche Mat, Liyana Najwa Basri, Hamidon Wan Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa |
| author_facet | Tomeh, Abdulhameed Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan Inche Mat, Liyana Najwa Basri, Hamidon Wan Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa |
| author_sort | Tomeh, Abdulhameed |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel technique to stimulate the human brain through the scalp. Over the years, identifying the optimal brain region and stimulation parameters has been a subject of debate in the literature on therapeutic uses of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Nevertheless, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been a conventional target for rTMS to treat motor symptoms, such as hemiplegia and spasticity, as it controls the voluntary movement of the body. However, with an expanding knowledge base of the M1 cortical and subcortical connections, M1-rTMS has shown a therapeutic efficacy that goes beyond the conventional motor rehabilitation to involve pain, headache, fatigue, dysphagia, speech and voice impairments, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, disorders of consciousness, anxiety, depression, and bladder dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on using M1-rTMS to treat non-motor symptoms of diverse etiologies and discuss the potential mechanistic rationale behind the management of each of these symptoms. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:40:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-103051 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:40:41Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1030512024-06-23T01:16:31Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103051/ Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence Tomeh, Abdulhameed Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan Inche Mat, Liyana Najwa Basri, Hamidon Wan Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel technique to stimulate the human brain through the scalp. Over the years, identifying the optimal brain region and stimulation parameters has been a subject of debate in the literature on therapeutic uses of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Nevertheless, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been a conventional target for rTMS to treat motor symptoms, such as hemiplegia and spasticity, as it controls the voluntary movement of the body. However, with an expanding knowledge base of the M1 cortical and subcortical connections, M1-rTMS has shown a therapeutic efficacy that goes beyond the conventional motor rehabilitation to involve pain, headache, fatigue, dysphagia, speech and voice impairments, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, disorders of consciousness, anxiety, depression, and bladder dysfunction. In this review, we summarize the latest evidence on using M1-rTMS to treat non-motor symptoms of diverse etiologies and discuss the potential mechanistic rationale behind the management of each of these symptoms. MDPI 2022 Article PeerReviewed Tomeh, Abdulhameed and Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan and Inche Mat, Liyana Najwa and Basri, Hamidon and Wan Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa (2022) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence. Brain Sciences, 12 (6). art. no. 761. pp. 1-23. ISSN 2076-3425 https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/12/6/761 10.3390/brainsci12060761 |
| spellingShingle | Tomeh, Abdulhameed Yusof Khan, Abdul Hanif Khan Inche Mat, Liyana Najwa Basri, Hamidon Wan Sulaiman, Wan Aliaa Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title_full | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title_fullStr | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title_full_unstemmed | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title_short | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| title_sort | repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex beyond motor rehabilitation: a review of the current evidence |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103051/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103051/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/103051/ |