Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common among women during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and their shared modifiable environmental factors among pregnant women in Indonesia and Malaysia.METHODS: Blood samples of 844 third-trimester pregnant women (...
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| Format: | Article |
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Jimma University
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102144/ |
| _version_ | 1848863726322581504 |
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| author | Woon, Fui Chee Aji, Arif Sabta Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty Chin, Yit Siew |
| author_facet | Woon, Fui Chee Aji, Arif Sabta Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty Chin, Yit Siew |
| author_sort | Woon, Fui Chee |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common among women during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and their shared modifiable environmental factors among pregnant women in Indonesia and Malaysia.METHODS: Blood samples of 844 third-trimester pregnant women (Indonesians: 311; Malaysians: 533) were collected to determine their serum 25(OH) D levels. Information on sun exposure and sun protection behaviours were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Dietary vitamin D intake was assessed by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) among Indonesian and Malaysian pregnant women were 42.4% and 72.0%, respectively. Percentage of exposed body surface area was inversely associated with vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09-0.48). Among Malaysian pregnant women, higher intakes of dietary vitamin D were associated with lower risk of vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29-0.81). Analysis of the combined cohorts revealed a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women who had a daily intake of at least 15 mcg vitamin D (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38-0.88) and exposure of more than 27% body surface area to the sunlight (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.16-0.60).Conclusion: Despite abundant sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among pregnant women in tropical countries. The present study suggests that nutrition education on vitamin D intake and sun exposure during pregnancy is necessary for primary prevention of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women living in the tropical countries. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:37:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-102144 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:37:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Jimma University |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1021442023-10-26T01:13:45Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102144/ Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study Woon, Fui Chee Aji, Arif Sabta Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty Chin, Yit Siew Background: Vitamin D deficiency is common among women during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and their shared modifiable environmental factors among pregnant women in Indonesia and Malaysia.METHODS: Blood samples of 844 third-trimester pregnant women (Indonesians: 311; Malaysians: 533) were collected to determine their serum 25(OH) D levels. Information on sun exposure and sun protection behaviours were obtained through face-to-face interviews. Dietary vitamin D intake was assessed by using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire.Results: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) among Indonesian and Malaysian pregnant women were 42.4% and 72.0%, respectively. Percentage of exposed body surface area was inversely associated with vitamin D deficiency among Indonesian pregnant women (OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09-0.48). Among Malaysian pregnant women, higher intakes of dietary vitamin D were associated with lower risk of vitamin D deficiency (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.29-0.81). Analysis of the combined cohorts revealed a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women who had a daily intake of at least 15 mcg vitamin D (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38-0.88) and exposure of more than 27% body surface area to the sunlight (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.16-0.60).Conclusion: Despite abundant sunshine, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among pregnant women in tropical countries. The present study suggests that nutrition education on vitamin D intake and sun exposure during pregnancy is necessary for primary prevention of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women living in the tropical countries. Jimma University 2022-09-01 Article PeerReviewed Woon, Fui Chee and Aji, Arif Sabta and Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty and Chin, Yit Siew (2022) Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 32 (5). 885 - 894. ISSN 1029-1857; ESSN: 2413-7170 https://www.ethjhealths.org/maternal-vitamin-d-status-and-its-associated-environmental-factors-cross-sectional-study 10.4314/ejhs.v32i5.3 |
| spellingShingle | Woon, Fui Chee Aji, Arif Sabta Lipoeto, Nur Indrawaty Chin, Yit Siew Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title | Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Maternal vitamin D status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | maternal vitamin d status and its associated environmental factors: a cross-sectional study |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102144/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102144/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/102144/ |