Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel
The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/101640/ |
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| author | Hazmi, Balkis Beygisangchin, Mahnoush Rashid, Umer Wan Mokhtar, Wan Nur Aini Tsubota, Toshiki Alsalme, Ali Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit |
| author_facet | Hazmi, Balkis Beygisangchin, Mahnoush Rashid, Umer Wan Mokhtar, Wan Nur Aini Tsubota, Toshiki Alsalme, Ali Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit |
| author_sort | Hazmi, Balkis |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H, respectively. The synthesised acidic glycerol catalysts were characterised by various analytical techniques such as thermalgravimetric analyser (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, surface properties adsorption-desorption by nitrogen gas, ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), elemental composition analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and surface micrographic morphologies by field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Both glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H samples exhibited mesoporous structures with a low surface area of 8.85 mm2/g and 4.71 mm2/g, respectively, supported by the microscopic image of blockage pores. However, the acidity strength for both catalysts was recorded at 3.43 mmol/g and 3.96 mmol/g, which is sufficient for catalysing PFAD biodiesel at the highest yield. The catalytic esterification was optimised at 96.7% and 98.2% with 3 wt.% of catalyst loading, 18:1 of methanol-PFAD molar ratio, 120 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Catalyst reusability was sustained up to 3 reaction cycles due to catalyst deactivation, and the insight investigation of spent catalysts was also performed. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:35:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-101640 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:35:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1016402023-06-08T03:12:23Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/101640/ Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel Hazmi, Balkis Beygisangchin, Mahnoush Rashid, Umer Wan Mokhtar, Wan Nur Aini Tsubota, Toshiki Alsalme, Ali Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit The by-product of the previous transesterification, glycerol was utilised as an acid catalyst precursor for biodiesel production. The crude glycerol was treated through the sulfonation method with sulfuric acid and chlorosulfonic acid in a reflux batch reactor giving solid glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H, respectively. The synthesised acidic glycerol catalysts were characterised by various analytical techniques such as thermalgravimetric analyser (TGA), infrared spectroscopy, surface properties adsorption-desorption by nitrogen gas, ammonia-temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), elemental composition analysis by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDX) and surface micrographic morphologies by field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Both glycerol-SO3H and glycerol-ClSO3H samples exhibited mesoporous structures with a low surface area of 8.85 mm2/g and 4.71 mm2/g, respectively, supported by the microscopic image of blockage pores. However, the acidity strength for both catalysts was recorded at 3.43 mmol/g and 3.96 mmol/g, which is sufficient for catalysing PFAD biodiesel at the highest yield. The catalytic esterification was optimised at 96.7% and 98.2% with 3 wt.% of catalyst loading, 18:1 of methanol-PFAD molar ratio, 120 °C, and 4 h of reaction. Catalyst reusability was sustained up to 3 reaction cycles due to catalyst deactivation, and the insight investigation of spent catalysts was also performed. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute 2022-10-21 Article PeerReviewed Hazmi, Balkis and Beygisangchin, Mahnoush and Rashid, Umer and Wan Mokhtar, Wan Nur Aini and Tsubota, Toshiki and Alsalme, Ali and Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit (2022) Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel. Molecules, 27 (20). art. no. 7142. pp. 1-16. ISSN 1431-5165; ESSN: 1420-3049 https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/20/7142 10.3390/molecules27207142 |
| spellingShingle | Hazmi, Balkis Beygisangchin, Mahnoush Rashid, Umer Wan Mokhtar, Wan Nur Aini Tsubota, Toshiki Alsalme, Ali Ngamcharussrivichai, Chawalit Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title | Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title_full | Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title_fullStr | Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title_short | Glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| title_sort | glycerol-based retrievable heterogeneous catalysts for single-pot esterification of palm fatty acid distillate to biodiesel |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/101640/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/101640/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/101640/ |