Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia
Human activities due to different land uses are being studied widely in many countries. This study aimed to determine the ecological risks and human health risk assessments (HHRA) of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the topsoils of six land uses in Peninsular Malaysia. The ranges of the potentially toxic m...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI
2022
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| Online Access: | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100423/ |
| _version_ | 1848863320203853824 |
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| author | Yap, Chee Kong Chew, Weiyun Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh Nulit, Rosimah Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz Wong, Koe Wei Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi Sharifinia, Moslem Ismail, Mohamad Saupi Leong, Wah June Tan, Wen Siang Cheng, Wan Hee Okamura, Hideo You, Chen Feng Al-Shami, Salman Abdo |
| author_facet | Yap, Chee Kong Chew, Weiyun Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh Nulit, Rosimah Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz Wong, Koe Wei Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi Sharifinia, Moslem Ismail, Mohamad Saupi Leong, Wah June Tan, Wen Siang Cheng, Wan Hee Okamura, Hideo You, Chen Feng Al-Shami, Salman Abdo |
| author_sort | Yap, Chee Kong |
| building | UPM Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Human activities due to different land uses are being studied widely in many countries. This study aimed to determine the ecological risks and human health risk assessments (HHRA) of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the topsoils of six land uses in Peninsular Malaysia. The ranges of the potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in the soils (mg/kg, dry weight) of this study were 0.24–12.43 for Cd (mean: 1.94), 4.66–2363 for Cu (mean: 228), 2576–116,344 for Fe (mean: 32,618), 2.38–75.67 for Ni (mean: 16.04), 7.22–969 for Pb (mean: 115) and 11.03–3820 for Zn (mean: 512). For the ecological risk assessments, the potential ecological risk index (PERI) for single metals indicated that the severity of pollution of the five metals decreased in the following sequence: Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni. It was found that industry, landfill, rubbish heap, and mining areas were categorized as “very high ecological risk”. For HHRA, the land uses of industry, landfill and rubbish heap were found to have higher hazard quotient (HQ) values for the three pathways (with the order: ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation ingestion) of the five metals for children and adults, when compared to the mining, plantation, and residential areas. The values for both the non-carcinogenic (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn), and carcinogenic risks (CR) for inhalation (Cd and Ni) obtained for children and adults in this study showed no serious adverse health impacts on their health. However, of public concern, the hazard index (HI), for Pb of children at the landfill (L-3) and the rubbish heap (RH-3) sites exceeded 1.0, indicating non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) for children. Therefore, these PERI and HHRA results provided fundamental data for PTMs pollution mitigation and environmental management in areas of different land uses in Peninsular Malaysia. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:31:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | upm-100423 |
| institution | Universiti Putra Malaysia |
| institution_category | Local University |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T13:31:02Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | MDPI |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | upm-1004232023-12-15T23:09:08Z http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100423/ Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia Yap, Chee Kong Chew, Weiyun Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh Nulit, Rosimah Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz Wong, Koe Wei Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi Sharifinia, Moslem Ismail, Mohamad Saupi Leong, Wah June Tan, Wen Siang Cheng, Wan Hee Okamura, Hideo You, Chen Feng Al-Shami, Salman Abdo Human activities due to different land uses are being studied widely in many countries. This study aimed to determine the ecological risks and human health risk assessments (HHRA) of Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn in the topsoils of six land uses in Peninsular Malaysia. The ranges of the potentially toxic metals (PTMs) in the soils (mg/kg, dry weight) of this study were 0.24–12.43 for Cd (mean: 1.94), 4.66–2363 for Cu (mean: 228), 2576–116,344 for Fe (mean: 32,618), 2.38–75.67 for Ni (mean: 16.04), 7.22–969 for Pb (mean: 115) and 11.03–3820 for Zn (mean: 512). For the ecological risk assessments, the potential ecological risk index (PERI) for single metals indicated that the severity of pollution of the five metals decreased in the following sequence: Cd > Cu > Pb > Zn > Ni. It was found that industry, landfill, rubbish heap, and mining areas were categorized as “very high ecological risk”. For HHRA, the land uses of industry, landfill and rubbish heap were found to have higher hazard quotient (HQ) values for the three pathways (with the order: ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation ingestion) of the five metals for children and adults, when compared to the mining, plantation, and residential areas. The values for both the non-carcinogenic (Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn), and carcinogenic risks (CR) for inhalation (Cd and Ni) obtained for children and adults in this study showed no serious adverse health impacts on their health. However, of public concern, the hazard index (HI), for Pb of children at the landfill (L-3) and the rubbish heap (RH-3) sites exceeded 1.0, indicating non-carcinogenic risk (NCR) for children. Therefore, these PERI and HHRA results provided fundamental data for PTMs pollution mitigation and environmental management in areas of different land uses in Peninsular Malaysia. MDPI 2022-12-21 Article PeerReviewed Yap, Chee Kong and Chew, Weiyun and Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh and Nulit, Rosimah and Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz and Wong, Koe Wei and Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi and Sharifinia, Moslem and Ismail, Mohamad Saupi and Leong, Wah June and Tan, Wen Siang and Cheng, Wan Hee and Okamura, Hideo and You, Chen Feng and Al-Shami, Salman Abdo (2022) Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia. Biology, 11 (1). art. no. 2. pp. 1-26. ISSN 2079-7737 https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/1/2 10.3390/biology11010002 |
| spellingShingle | Yap, Chee Kong Chew, Weiyun Al-Mutairi, Khalid Awadh Nulit, Rosimah Ibrahim, Mohd. Hafiz Wong, Koe Wei Bakhtiari, Alireza Riyahi Sharifinia, Moslem Ismail, Mohamad Saupi Leong, Wah June Tan, Wen Siang Cheng, Wan Hee Okamura, Hideo You, Chen Feng Al-Shami, Salman Abdo Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title | Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_full | Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_fullStr | Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_short | Assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in Peninsular Malaysia |
| title_sort | assessments of the ecological and health risks of potentially toxic metals in the topsoils of different land uses: a case study in peninsular malaysia |
| url | http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100423/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100423/ http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/100423/ |