Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas
Background: Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic pathogen, transmitted among macaques and to humans by anopheline mosquitoes. Information on P. knowlesi malaria is lacking in most regions so the first step to understand the geographical distribution of disease risk is to define the distributions of th...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BioMed Central Ltd.
2016
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| Online Access: | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/1/Predicting%20the%20geographical%20distributions%20of%20the%20macaque%20hosts%20and%20mosquito%20vectors%20of%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20malaria%20in%20forested%20and%20non-forested%20areas%20%28abstract%29.pdf |
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| author | Moyes, Catherine L. Shearer, Freya M. Zhi, Huang Wiebe, Antoinette Gibson, Harry S. Nijman, Vincent Jayasilan, Mohd-Azlan Jedediah, F. Brodie Suchinda, Malaivijitnond Linkie, Matthew Hiromitsu, Samejima O’Brien, Timothy G. Trainor, Colin R. |
| author_facet | Moyes, Catherine L. Shearer, Freya M. Zhi, Huang Wiebe, Antoinette Gibson, Harry S. Nijman, Vincent Jayasilan, Mohd-Azlan Jedediah, F. Brodie Suchinda, Malaivijitnond Linkie, Matthew Hiromitsu, Samejima O’Brien, Timothy G. Trainor, Colin R. |
| author_sort | Moyes, Catherine L. |
| building | UNIMAS Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Background: Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic pathogen, transmitted among macaques and to humans by
anopheline mosquitoes. Information on P. knowlesi malaria is lacking in most regions so the first step to understand the geographical distribution of disease risk is to define the distributions of the reservoir and vector species.
Methods: We used macaque and mosquito species presence data, background data that captured sampling bias in
the presence data, a boosted regression tree model and environmental datasets, including annual data for land classes, to predict the distributions of each vector and host species. We then compared the predicted distribution of each species with cover of each land class.
Results: Fine-scale distribution maps were generated for three macaque host species (Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina and M. leonina) and two mosquito vector complexes (the Dirus Complex and the Leucosphyrus Complex). The Leucosphyrus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with disturbed, but not intact, forest cover (> 60 % tree cover) whereas the Dirus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with 10–100 % tree cover as well as vegetation mosaics and cropland. Of the macaque species, M. nemestrina was mainly predicted to occur in forested areas whereas M. fascicularis was predicted to occur in vegetation mosaics, cropland, wetland and urban areas in addition to forested areas.
Conclusions: The predicted M. fascicularis distribution encompassed a wide range of habitats where humans are found.
This is of most significance in the northern part of its range where members of the Dirus Complex are the main
P. knowlesi vectors because these mosquitoes were also predicted to occur in a wider range of habitats. Our results
support the hypothesis that conversion of intact forest into disturbed forest (for example plantations or timber
concessions), or the creation of vegetation mosaics, will increase the probability that members of the Leucosphyrus
Complex occur at these locations, as well as bringing humans into these areas. An explicit analysis of disease risk itself
using infection data is required to explore this further. The species distributions generated here can now be included
in future analyses of P. knowlesi infection risk. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T06:41:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | unimas-14051 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Sarawak |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T06:41:31Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | BioMed Central Ltd. |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | unimas-140512016-10-24T01:13:43Z http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/ Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas Moyes, Catherine L. Shearer, Freya M. Zhi, Huang Wiebe, Antoinette Gibson, Harry S. Nijman, Vincent Jayasilan, Mohd-Azlan Jedediah, F. Brodie Suchinda, Malaivijitnond Linkie, Matthew Hiromitsu, Samejima O’Brien, Timothy G. Trainor, Colin R. RA Public aspects of medicine Background: Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic pathogen, transmitted among macaques and to humans by anopheline mosquitoes. Information on P. knowlesi malaria is lacking in most regions so the first step to understand the geographical distribution of disease risk is to define the distributions of the reservoir and vector species. Methods: We used macaque and mosquito species presence data, background data that captured sampling bias in the presence data, a boosted regression tree model and environmental datasets, including annual data for land classes, to predict the distributions of each vector and host species. We then compared the predicted distribution of each species with cover of each land class. Results: Fine-scale distribution maps were generated for three macaque host species (Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina and M. leonina) and two mosquito vector complexes (the Dirus Complex and the Leucosphyrus Complex). The Leucosphyrus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with disturbed, but not intact, forest cover (> 60 % tree cover) whereas the Dirus Complex was predicted to occur in areas with 10–100 % tree cover as well as vegetation mosaics and cropland. Of the macaque species, M. nemestrina was mainly predicted to occur in forested areas whereas M. fascicularis was predicted to occur in vegetation mosaics, cropland, wetland and urban areas in addition to forested areas. Conclusions: The predicted M. fascicularis distribution encompassed a wide range of habitats where humans are found. This is of most significance in the northern part of its range where members of the Dirus Complex are the main P. knowlesi vectors because these mosquitoes were also predicted to occur in a wider range of habitats. Our results support the hypothesis that conversion of intact forest into disturbed forest (for example plantations or timber concessions), or the creation of vegetation mosaics, will increase the probability that members of the Leucosphyrus Complex occur at these locations, as well as bringing humans into these areas. An explicit analysis of disease risk itself using infection data is required to explore this further. The species distributions generated here can now be included in future analyses of P. knowlesi infection risk. BioMed Central Ltd. 2016 Article PeerReviewed text en http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/1/Predicting%20the%20geographical%20distributions%20of%20the%20macaque%20hosts%20and%20mosquito%20vectors%20of%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20malaria%20in%20forested%20and%20non-forested%20areas%20%28abstract%29.pdf Moyes, Catherine L. and Shearer, Freya M. and Zhi, Huang and Wiebe, Antoinette and Gibson, Harry S. and Nijman, Vincent and Jayasilan, Mohd-Azlan and Jedediah, F. Brodie and Suchinda, Malaivijitnond and Linkie, Matthew and Hiromitsu, Samejima and O’Brien, Timothy G. and Trainor, Colin R. (2016) Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas. Parasites and Vectors, 9 (1). ISSN 1756-3305 https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84966365375&partnerID=40&md5=53bd913fcbb26c9874b79ee744f95caf DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1527-0 |
| spellingShingle | RA Public aspects of medicine Moyes, Catherine L. Shearer, Freya M. Zhi, Huang Wiebe, Antoinette Gibson, Harry S. Nijman, Vincent Jayasilan, Mohd-Azlan Jedediah, F. Brodie Suchinda, Malaivijitnond Linkie, Matthew Hiromitsu, Samejima O’Brien, Timothy G. Trainor, Colin R. Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title | Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title_full | Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title_fullStr | Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title_full_unstemmed | Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title_short | Predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| title_sort | predicting the geographical distributions of the macaque hosts and mosquito vectors of plasmodium knowlesi malaria in forested and non-forested areas |
| topic | RA Public aspects of medicine |
| url | http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/ http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/14051/1/Predicting%20the%20geographical%20distributions%20of%20the%20macaque%20hosts%20and%20mosquito%20vectors%20of%20Plasmodium%20knowlesi%20malaria%20in%20forested%20and%20non-forested%20areas%20%28abstract%29.pdf |