Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions
Leak detection in water pipeline systems remains a critical challenge, particularly for small-sized leaks that generate weak transient signals and are often masked by noise. This study proposes and evaluates a novel method, Squeezed Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients (SGTCC), for detecting and localizi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2025
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/1/Improved%20leak%20localization%20in%20water%20distribution%20systems%20using%20SGTCC.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848827244611371008 |
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| author | Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali Nor Azinee, Said Muhammad Hanafi, Yusop Erdiwansyah, . Muhammad Aminuddin, Pi Ramli Rizalman, Mamat |
| author_facet | Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali Nor Azinee, Said Muhammad Hanafi, Yusop Erdiwansyah, . Muhammad Aminuddin, Pi Ramli Rizalman, Mamat |
| author_sort | Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Leak detection in water pipeline systems remains a critical challenge, particularly for small-sized leaks that generate weak transient signals and are often masked by noise. This study proposes and evaluates a novel method, Squeezed Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients (SGTCC), for detecting and localizing pipeline leaks under varying pressure conditions. The SGTCC approach enhances transient features through cepstral compression and gammatone filtering, improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and peak resolution. Its performance is benchmarked against two conventional methods: Empirical Mode Decomposition with Hilbert Transform (EMD-HT) and Ensemble EMD with HT (EEMD-HT). Experimental tests were conducted using a controlled pipeline network at 1 bar and 2 bar pressures, each with five leak sizes (1 mm–5 mm). Results show that the SGTCC method consistently achieved the lowest mean error, ranging from 1.92 % to 2.69 % at 1 bar and 1.06 % to 2.36 % at 2 bar. In contrast, EMD-HT and EEMD-HT recorded higher error ranges, up to 7.37 % and 9.16 %, respectively. Furthermore, statistical analysis using ANOVA and t-tests confirmed that SGTCC significantly outperforms the other methods (p < 0.01). The technique also demonstrated real-time capability with acceptable computational time and robustness across all test cases. The findings highlight SGTCC’s potential as a reliable, accurate, and noise-resilient leak detection technique, particularly effective for identifying small leaks in noisy environments. These results establish a foundation for deploying SGTCC in innovative water monitoring systems and future field-scale applications. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:57:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-45053 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:57:38Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-450532025-07-10T04:28:01Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/ Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali Nor Azinee, Said Muhammad Hanafi, Yusop Erdiwansyah, . Muhammad Aminuddin, Pi Ramli Rizalman, Mamat TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Leak detection in water pipeline systems remains a critical challenge, particularly for small-sized leaks that generate weak transient signals and are often masked by noise. This study proposes and evaluates a novel method, Squeezed Gammatone Cepstral Coefficients (SGTCC), for detecting and localizing pipeline leaks under varying pressure conditions. The SGTCC approach enhances transient features through cepstral compression and gammatone filtering, improving signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and peak resolution. Its performance is benchmarked against two conventional methods: Empirical Mode Decomposition with Hilbert Transform (EMD-HT) and Ensemble EMD with HT (EEMD-HT). Experimental tests were conducted using a controlled pipeline network at 1 bar and 2 bar pressures, each with five leak sizes (1 mm–5 mm). Results show that the SGTCC method consistently achieved the lowest mean error, ranging from 1.92 % to 2.69 % at 1 bar and 1.06 % to 2.36 % at 2 bar. In contrast, EMD-HT and EEMD-HT recorded higher error ranges, up to 7.37 % and 9.16 %, respectively. Furthermore, statistical analysis using ANOVA and t-tests confirmed that SGTCC significantly outperforms the other methods (p < 0.01). The technique also demonstrated real-time capability with acceptable computational time and robustness across all test cases. The findings highlight SGTCC’s potential as a reliable, accurate, and noise-resilient leak detection technique, particularly effective for identifying small leaks in noisy environments. These results establish a foundation for deploying SGTCC in innovative water monitoring systems and future field-scale applications. Elsevier Ltd 2025 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/1/Improved%20leak%20localization%20in%20water%20distribution%20systems%20using%20SGTCC.pdf Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali and Nor Azinee, Said and Muhammad Hanafi, Yusop and Erdiwansyah, . and Muhammad Aminuddin, Pi Ramli and Rizalman, Mamat (2025) Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions. Measurement, 255 (118072). pp. 1-27. ISSN 0263-2241. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118072 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.118072 |
| spellingShingle | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering Mohd Fairusham, Ghazali Nor Azinee, Said Muhammad Hanafi, Yusop Erdiwansyah, . Muhammad Aminuddin, Pi Ramli Rizalman, Mamat Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title | Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title_full | Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title_fullStr | Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title_short | Improved leak localization in water distribution systems using SGTCC: Comparative analysis with EMD-HT and EEMD-HT under transient conditions |
| title_sort | improved leak localization in water distribution systems using sgtcc: comparative analysis with emd-ht and eemd-ht under transient conditions |
| topic | TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TD Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering TK Electrical engineering. Electronics Nuclear engineering |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/45053/1/Improved%20leak%20localization%20in%20water%20distribution%20systems%20using%20SGTCC.pdf |