Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves
Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in enzymatic browning, causing quality losses in food through the oxidation process. Thus, the discovery of an effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor via green technology is of great interest to the global food market due to food security and climate change issues. In...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English English |
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Elsevier B.V.
2024
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/1/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/2/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction%20of%20effective%20and%20natural%20tyrosinase%20inhibitor%20from%20Syzygium%20aqueum%20leaves_ABS.pdf |
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| author | Nurul Husna, Zarudin Erna, Normaya Syamimi Sulfiza, Shamsuri Anwar, Iqbal Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah Zanariah, Abdullah Ahmad Sazali, Hamzah Mohammad Norazmi, Ahmad |
| author_facet | Nurul Husna, Zarudin Erna, Normaya Syamimi Sulfiza, Shamsuri Anwar, Iqbal Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah Zanariah, Abdullah Ahmad Sazali, Hamzah Mohammad Norazmi, Ahmad |
| author_sort | Nurul Husna, Zarudin |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in enzymatic browning, causing quality losses in food through the oxidation process. Thus, the discovery of an effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor via green technology is of great interest to the global food market due to food security and climate change issues. In this study, Syzygium aqueum (S. aqueum) leaves, which are known to be rich in phenolic compounds (PC), were chosen as a natural source of tyrosinase inhibitor, and the effect of the sustainable, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process was evaluated. Response surface methodology-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (RSM-assisted SFE) was utilized to optimize the PCs extracted from S. aqueum. The highest amount of PC was obtained at the optimum conditions (55 °C, 3350 psi, and 70 min). The IC50 (661.815 μg/mL) of the optimized extract was evaluated, and its antioxidant activity (96.8 %) was determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results reveal that 2′,6′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone (2,6-D4MC) (82.65 %) was the major PC in S. aqueum. Chemometric analysis indicated that 2,6-D4MC has similar chemical properties to the tyrosinase inhibitor control (kaempferol). The toxicity and physiochemical properties of the novel 2,6-D4MC from S. aqueum revealed that the 2,6-D4MC is safer than kaempferol as predicted via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation. Enzyme kinetic analysis shows that the type of inhibition of the optimized extract is non-competitive inhibition with Km = 1.55 mM and Vmax = 0.017 μM/s. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis shows the effectiveness of S. aqueum as a tyrosinase inhibitor. The mechanistic insight of the tyrosinase inhibition using 2,6-D4MC was successfully calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking approaches. The findings could have a significant impact on food security development by devising a sustainable and effective tyrosinase inhibitor from waste by-products that is aligned with the United Nation's SDG 2, zero hunger. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:43:39Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-41540 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:43:39Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Elsevier B.V. |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-415402024-07-31T01:46:36Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/ Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves Nurul Husna, Zarudin Erna, Normaya Syamimi Sulfiza, Shamsuri Anwar, Iqbal Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah Zanariah, Abdullah Ahmad Sazali, Hamzah Mohammad Norazmi, Ahmad QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in enzymatic browning, causing quality losses in food through the oxidation process. Thus, the discovery of an effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor via green technology is of great interest to the global food market due to food security and climate change issues. In this study, Syzygium aqueum (S. aqueum) leaves, which are known to be rich in phenolic compounds (PC), were chosen as a natural source of tyrosinase inhibitor, and the effect of the sustainable, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) process was evaluated. Response surface methodology-assisted supercritical fluid extraction (RSM-assisted SFE) was utilized to optimize the PCs extracted from S. aqueum. The highest amount of PC was obtained at the optimum conditions (55 °C, 3350 psi, and 70 min). The IC50 (661.815 μg/mL) of the optimized extract was evaluated, and its antioxidant activity (96.8 %) was determined. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results reveal that 2′,6′-dihydroxy-4′-methoxychalcone (2,6-D4MC) (82.65 %) was the major PC in S. aqueum. Chemometric analysis indicated that 2,6-D4MC has similar chemical properties to the tyrosinase inhibitor control (kaempferol). The toxicity and physiochemical properties of the novel 2,6-D4MC from S. aqueum revealed that the 2,6-D4MC is safer than kaempferol as predicted via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation. Enzyme kinetic analysis shows that the type of inhibition of the optimized extract is non-competitive inhibition with Km = 1.55 mM and Vmax = 0.017 μM/s. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis shows the effectiveness of S. aqueum as a tyrosinase inhibitor. The mechanistic insight of the tyrosinase inhibition using 2,6-D4MC was successfully calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular docking approaches. The findings could have a significant impact on food security development by devising a sustainable and effective tyrosinase inhibitor from waste by-products that is aligned with the United Nation's SDG 2, zero hunger. Elsevier B.V. 2024-02 Article PeerReviewed pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/1/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction.pdf pdf en http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/2/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction%20of%20effective%20and%20natural%20tyrosinase%20inhibitor%20from%20Syzygium%20aqueum%20leaves_ABS.pdf Nurul Husna, Zarudin and Erna, Normaya and Syamimi Sulfiza, Shamsuri and Anwar, Iqbal and Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah and Zanariah, Abdullah and Ahmad Sazali, Hamzah and Mohammad Norazmi, Ahmad (2024) Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 258 (129168). pp. 1-14. ISSN 0141-8130. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129168 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129168 |
| spellingShingle | QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Nurul Husna, Zarudin Erna, Normaya Syamimi Sulfiza, Shamsuri Anwar, Iqbal Mohd Bijarimi, Mat Piah Zanariah, Abdullah Ahmad Sazali, Hamzah Mohammad Norazmi, Ahmad Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title | Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title_full | Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title_fullStr | Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title_short | Development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from Syzygium aqueum leaves |
| title_sort | development of chemometric-assisted supercritical fluid extraction of effective and natural tyrosinase inhibitor from syzygium aqueum leaves |
| topic | QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/1/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction.pdf http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/41540/2/Development%20of%20chemometric-assisted%20supercritical%20fluid%20extraction%20of%20effective%20and%20natural%20tyrosinase%20inhibitor%20from%20Syzygium%20aqueum%20leaves_ABS.pdf |