Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts
In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalyst...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Universiti Putra Malaysia Press
2024
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/1/Performance%20of%20Waste%20Cooking%20Oil%20Esterification%20for%20Biodiesel%20Production.pdf |
| _version_ | 1848826197863038976 |
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| author | Herman, Indah Thuraya Khairuddin, Md Isa Naimah, Ibrahim Saiful Azhar, Saad Tuan Amran, Abdullah Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz Muhammad Auni, Hairunnaja |
| author_facet | Herman, Indah Thuraya Khairuddin, Md Isa Naimah, Ibrahim Saiful Azhar, Saad Tuan Amran, Abdullah Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz Muhammad Auni, Hairunnaja |
| author_sort | Herman, Indah Thuraya |
| building | UMP Institutional Repository |
| collection | Online Access |
| description | In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalysts used were spent bleaching earth (SBE), KCC-1, and Na/KCC-1. DESs were prepared by mixing at reaction temperature and time of 80°C and 120 min, respectively. The American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D974 determined the acid value. The catalysts were first screened for their catalytic activity in WCO esterification. The parameters investigated in this study were oil-to-methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature. The highest conversion (94.7%) was obtained using Na/KCC-1. The performance of solid and liquid catalysts was evaluated using KOH-Gly and SBE for the reduction of FFA in WCO under different conditions of oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:6–1:10), catalysts loading (0.2–2.0 g), reaction time (30–60 min), and temperature (40–100°C). The highest reduction of FFA in the esterification process for KOH-Gly and SBE as catalysts was 97.74% and 84.2%, respectively. Transesterification of the esterified oil shows a promising result (97%), and the process can potentially be scaled up. The GC-MS result shows that the produced oil has the highest percentage of hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester. |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:41:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | ump-40966 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| institution_category | Local University |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-15T03:41:00Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Universiti Putra Malaysia Press |
| recordtype | eprints |
| repository_type | Digital Repository |
| spelling | ump-409662024-06-05T01:09:38Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/ Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts Herman, Indah Thuraya Khairuddin, Md Isa Naimah, Ibrahim Saiful Azhar, Saad Tuan Amran, Abdullah Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz Muhammad Auni, Hairunnaja QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content was esterified to produce biodiesel, and the catalysts’ performance was investigated. Two deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were employed as the liquid catalysts (K2CO3-Gly and KOH-Gly), while the solid heterogeneous catalysts used were spent bleaching earth (SBE), KCC-1, and Na/KCC-1. DESs were prepared by mixing at reaction temperature and time of 80°C and 120 min, respectively. The American Standard Testing Method (ASTM) D974 determined the acid value. The catalysts were first screened for their catalytic activity in WCO esterification. The parameters investigated in this study were oil-to-methanol molar ratio, catalyst loading, reaction time, and temperature. The highest conversion (94.7%) was obtained using Na/KCC-1. The performance of solid and liquid catalysts was evaluated using KOH-Gly and SBE for the reduction of FFA in WCO under different conditions of oil-to-methanol molar ratio (1:6–1:10), catalysts loading (0.2–2.0 g), reaction time (30–60 min), and temperature (40–100°C). The highest reduction of FFA in the esterification process for KOH-Gly and SBE as catalysts was 97.74% and 84.2%, respectively. Transesterification of the esterified oil shows a promising result (97%), and the process can potentially be scaled up. The GC-MS result shows that the produced oil has the highest percentage of hexadecanoic acid and methyl ester. Universiti Putra Malaysia Press 2024-03 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/1/Performance%20of%20Waste%20Cooking%20Oil%20Esterification%20for%20Biodiesel%20Production.pdf Herman, Indah Thuraya and Khairuddin, Md Isa and Naimah, Ibrahim and Saiful Azhar, Saad and Tuan Amran, Abdullah and Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz and Muhammad Auni, Hairunnaja (2024) Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 32 (2). pp. 669-684. ISSN 0128-7680. (Published) https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.2.10 10.47836/pjst.32.2.10 |
| spellingShingle | QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology Herman, Indah Thuraya Khairuddin, Md Isa Naimah, Ibrahim Saiful Azhar, Saad Tuan Amran, Abdullah Mohd Aizudin, Abd Aziz Muhammad Auni, Hairunnaja Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title | Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title_full | Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title_fullStr | Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title_short | Performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| title_sort | performance of waste cooking oil esterification for biodiesel production using various catalysts |
| topic | QD Chemistry T Technology (General) TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TP Chemical technology |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/ http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/40966/1/Performance%20of%20Waste%20Cooking%20Oil%20Esterification%20for%20Biodiesel%20Production.pdf |